BRAZIL - A Country Study

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• Brazil
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Table A. Selected Acronyms and Abbreviations
• Table B. Chronology of Important Events
• Country Profile
  • Country
  • Geography
  • Society
  • Economy
  • Transportation and Communications
  • Government and Politics
  • National Security
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • The Indigenous Population
  • The Colonial Era, 1500-1815
    • Frontier Expansion That Shaped Brazil
    • Early Colonization
    • French and Dutch Incursions
    • Gold Mining Displaces Cane Farming
    • The Transition to Kingdom Status
  • The Kingdom of Portugal and Brazil, 1815-21
  • The Empire, 1822-89
    • Emperor Pedro I, 1822-31
    • The Regency Era, 1831-40
    • The Second Empire, 1840-89
  • The Republican Era, 1889-1985
    • The Old or First Republic, 1889-1930
    • The Era of Getúlio Vargas, 1930-54
    • The Post-Vargas Republic, 1954-64
    • The Military Republic, 1964-85
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • The Physical Setting
    • Size and Location
    • Geology, Geomorphology, and Drainage
    • Soils and Vegetation
    • Climate
    • Geographic Regions
      • North
      • Northeast
      • Southeast
      • South
      • Center-West
    • The Environment
  • Population
    • Population Size and Distribution
    • Mortality
    • Fertility
    • Migration and Urbanization
  • Social Structure
    • Social Classes
    • Gender
    • Youth
    • The Elderly
    • Race and Ethnicity
    • Amerindians
    • Rural Groups
  • Cultural Unity and Diversity
    • The Brazilian Way
    • Language
    • Mass Communications
    • Family and Kinship
  • Religion
    • Roman Catholicism
    • Other Religions
  • Health Status and Health Care
    • Indicators of Health
    • Infectious and Chronic Diseases
    • Nutrition and Diet
    • The Health Care System
    • Health Professionals and Resources
  • Public Health and Welfare
    • Social Security
    • Sanitation and Public Utilities
    • Housing
  • Education
    • Literacy
    • Primary and Secondary Schools
    • Colleges and Universities
    • Principal Research Libraries
  • Social Conflict and Participation
    • Conflict and Nonviolence
    • Growth of Social and Environmental Movements
    • Inclusion and Exclusion
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • Historical Background and Economic Growth
    • The Colonial Period
      • The Sugar Cycle, 1540-1640
      • The Eighteenth-Century Gold Rush
    • The Economy at Independence, 1822
    • The Coffee Economy, 1840-1930
    • A Period of Sweeping Change, 1930-45
    • Import-Substitution Industrialization, 1945-64
    • Stagnation and Spectacular Growth, 1962-80
      • Stagnation, 1962-67
      • Spectacular Growth, 1968-73
      • Growth with Debt, 1974-80
    • Stagnation, Inflation, and Crisis, 1981-94
      • The 1981-84 Period
      • The 1985-89 Period
      • The 1990-94 Period
  • The Labor Force and Income Levels
    • Employment and Earnings
      • Employment
      • Earnings
    • Inequality and Poverty
  • Structure of Production
    • Agriculture
    • Livestock
    • Fishing
    • Industry
    • Mining
    • Energy
      • Electric Power
      • Petroleum
      • Natural Gas
      • Nuclear Power
    • The Services Sector
      • Transportation
      • Highways
      • Railroads
      • Subways
      • Airports
      • Ports
      • Inland Waterways
      • Merchant Marine
      • Telecommunications
      • Tourism
  • Privatization
  • Exchange-Rate and Balance of Payments Policies
    • Exchange Rates and Foreign Trade
    • Capital Flows and the External Debt
  • Fiscal and Monetary Policy, the Public Sector, and Inflation
    • Fiscal Trends in the 1980s
    • Pressures on Public-Sector Expenditures in the 1980s
    • Fiscal Deficits and Inflation
  • Brazil's Real Plan
  • Trade Policies
  • Trade Patterns and Regional Economic Integration
  • Economic Outlook
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • Political Culture
  • Constitutional Framework
  • Structure of Government
    • The Executive
    • The Legislature
    • The Judiciary
    • State and Local Governments
  • The Political Party System
    • Historical Origins and Evolution
    • Major Parties in Congress
      • Progressive Renewal Party
      • Brazilian Democratic Movement Party
      • Liberal Front Party
      • Brazilian Labor Party
      • Democratic Labor Party
      • Workers' Party
      • Brazilian Social Democracy Party
      • Progressive Party
    • Minor Parties in Congress
      • Liberal Party
      • Party of National Reconstruction
      • Brazilian Socialist Party
      • Brazilian Communist Party
      • Communist Party of Brazil
    • Regional Strength of the Parties
    • Party Legislation
  • Politics
    • Sarney's Presidency, 1985-90
    • Collor de Mello's Presidency, 1990-92
    • Franco's Presidency, 1992-94
    • Cardoso's Presidency, 1995-
  • Women in Politics
  • The Electoral System
  • Elections
    • The Presidential Election of 1989
    • Congressional and State Elections, 1990
    • Municipal Elections, 1992
    • General Elections, 1994
    • Municipal Elections, 1996
  • Interest Group Politics
    • Interest Groups
    • The Lobbying Process
    • The Media
  • Foreign Relations
    • The Foreign Service
    • Foreign Policy Decision Making
    • Multilateral Relations
    • Latin America
    • Europe
    • The Middle East
    • Africa
    • Asia
    • United States
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • The Military Role in Society and Government
    • Early History
    • Military Rebellion and the Revolution of 1930
    • From Moderator to Director, 1930-85
    • The Internal Security Mission, 1964-85
    • Civil-Military Relations, 1985-94
  • Brazil and International Conflicts, 1917-95
  • Foreign Military Influence
  • The Military Role in the Intelligence Services
    • The National Intelligence Service, 1964-90
    • The Strategic Affairs Secretariat, 1990-94
  • Defense Industries
  • Mission of the Armed Forces
    • The Military Mission since 1988
    • The Military in the Amazon
    • The Military Role in Counter-Drug Actions
    • Civic Action
  • Defense Expenditures
  • Organization of the Armed Forces
    • Command and Control
    • Army
    • Navy
    • Air Force
  • Personnel and Training
    • Conscription
    • Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia
    • Education and Training
    • Sociology of the Officer Corps
    • Officer Recruitment
    • Women in the Armed Forces
  • Security Forces
    • Federal Police
    • State Police
  • Crime and Punishment
    • Crime
    • Penal Code
    • Penal Institutions
  • Toward the Future
• Chapter 6. Science and Technology
  • Historical Evolution
    • Colonial Science
    • Imperial Science
    • Applied Science in Agriculture and Health
    • The Search for Alternatives
    • Science and Technology as Modernization, 1945-64
    • The Great Leap Forward, 1968-79
    • Science and Technology as a Pressure Group, 1979-90
  • The Computer Industry Policy
  • Science for Industrial Competitiveness
  • Administration of Science and Technology
    • The Ministry of Science and Technology
    • National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
    • The Funding Authority for Studies and Projects
    • The Coordination of High-Level Personnel Training
    • Other Activities by the Federal Government
    • Science and Technology in the States
    • The São Paulo Science and Technology System
  • Research and Development
    • University Research and Graduate Education
    • Research in State-Owned Corporations
    • Technological Research in the Private Sector
    • Centers of Excellence
    • Policy Perspectives
  • Nuclear Programs
  • The Space Program
  • Missile Programs
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary