Appendix B. Chronology and Lists -- China
- Chronology of Chinese Communist Party National Party Congresses
and Plenums, 1921-87
- Selected Foreign-Trade Corporations and Enterprises, 1987
- Government Organizations, 1987
- Diplomatic Recognitions, 1949-87
Table 1. Chronology of Chinese Communist Party National Party
Congresses and Plenums, 1921-87
Congress
Location Plenum Date
Significance
First
Shanghai First July 1921
Attended by thirteen representatives; elected general
secretary and three-man Central Bureau; developed general
political program. Mao Zedong recording secretary. Chinese
Communist Party (CCP) had fifty-seven members.
Second
Shanghai First July 1922
Adopted concept of democratic centralism (see Glossary),
elected Central Executive Committee (in 1927 shortened to
Central Committee), and decided to join Comintern (see
Glossary). Accepted united front with Guomindang, although
opposed by some, as temporary expedient to combat warlords and
foreign imperialism. Party grew to 123 members.
Third
Guangzhou First June 1923
Under Comintern pressure, formally sanctioned united-front
policy made CCP members concurrently Guomindang members.
Tension built as CCP attempted to fulfill conflicting goals of
national and social revolutions. Party had 432 members in
1923.
Fourth
Shanghai First January 1925
Beijing Second October 1925
Beijing Third July 1928
CCP's activist role in laborand peasant circlesaugmented by
explosive anti-imperialist social movements. Growing CCP
influence increased strains in united front. Secretariat
established to handle documentation and communications. Party
had 950 members by 1925.
Fifth
Wuhan First April-May 1927
Elected CCP's first Political Bureau. Tensions mounted within
party over concessions to maintain united front. After
abandonment of united front policy in mid-July, the August 7
Emergency Conference elected new party leadership, emphasized
tight organization and party discipline, and called for armed
struggle against Guomindang. Over 10,000 party members on
rolls.
Sixth
Moscow First June-July 1928
Shanghai Second November 1929
Shanghai Third September 1930
Shanghai Fourth January 1931
Ruijin Fifth January 1934
Yan'an Sixth October 1938
Yan'an Seventh April 1945
Conflict arose among leaders concerning proper course for the
Chinese revolution: revolutionary movement responsive to
local--mainly rural--conditions; urban revolution; or strict
adherence to Moscow's instructions. Mao Zedong, a leader in
rural-oriented group, emerged dominant by 1935, bolstered by
his military skill during the Long March (1934-35). Mao Zedong
Thought formally adopted at the Seventh Plenum. The Sino-
Japanese War (1937-45) and the concomitant second united front
with Guomindang against Japan became sources of inner-party
tension. Party grew from 40,000 in 1928 to 1.2 million by
1945.
Seventh
Yan'an First April-June 1945
Xibaipo Second March 1949
Beijing Third June 1950
Beijing Fourth February 1954
Beijing Fifth April 1955
Beijing Sixth October 1955
Beijing Seventh September 1956
Party Constitution of 1945 stressed greater centralism. After
defeat of the Guomindang and the establishment of the People's
Republic of China in October 1949, party emphasis on
indoctrination, rectification, and mass campaigns was
supplemented with economic recovery and consolidation
programs. Focus of party work shifted from countryside to
cities. Party membership totaled 10.2 million by 1956.
Eighth [First Session] September 1956
Beijing First September 1956
Beijing Second November 1956
Beijing Third September-October 1957
Beijing Fourth May 1958
Mao advocated "struggle" between the two opposing lines--rapid
communization and continuing revolution, which he favored, and
central planning, reliance on party organizations, and limited
individual incentives.
[Second Session] May 1958
Beijing Fifth May 1958
Wuchang Sixth November-December 1958
Shanghai Seventh April 1959
Lushan Eighth August 1959
Beijing Ninth January 1961
Beijing Tenth September 1962
Beijing Eleventh August 1966
Beijing Twelfth October 1968
The failure of the Great Leap Forward (1956-60) led to a
temporary ascendancy of Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, and others
who stressed planned development. In response, Mao turned to
Lin Biao who was building a People's Liberation Army (PLA)
power base, and reverted to factionalism, calling his
opponents "revisionists." The ensuing Cultural Revolution
(1966-76) eventually required the PLA to restore stability
because party and state organizations had been disrupted. CCP
membership reached 20 million by 1966.
Ninth
Beijing First April 1969
Lushan Second September 1970
Party constitution of 1969 named Lin Biao as Mao's successor.
Mao continued as chairman with Lin as vice chairman. Mao
Zedong Thought extolled. New Central Committee included 45
percent military representation (27 percent on the Eighth
Central Committee). Political outcome was to empower three
factions: the Maoists; administrators around Zhou Enlai; and
the PLA around Lin Biao. After Lin's 1971 attempted coup, PLA
influence was reduced. Party membership was 28 million by
1973.
Tenth
Beijing First August 1973
Beijing Second January 1975
Beijing Third July 1977
Zhou's Enlai's policiesstrengthened with with rehabilitation
ofpurged leaders, notably Deng Xiaoping. After Zhou's death
(January 1976), tensions increased. Mao's death in September
1976 precipitated open confrontation. Hua Guofeng, Mao's
successor, arrested the Gang of Four and attempted to
consolidate his position. But by July 1977, Hua faced a
challenge from Deng Xiaoping, who regained all his posts at
the Third Plenum. Party members increased to 35 million in
1977.
Eleventh
Beijing First August 1977
Beijing Second February 1978
Beijing Third December 1978
Beijing Fourth September 1979
Beijing Fifth February 1980
Beijing Sixth June 1981
Hua Guofeng continued party chairman. New party constitution
of 1977 approved. Deng Xiaoping confirmed as party vice
chairman, giving him a platform from which to advocate reform.
Hua's links to the Maoist legacy undercut his ability to lead,
and at the Third Plenum, Deng's practical approach set the CCP
on a course of reform instead of class struggle. Deng's forces
assumed command with the rise of Zhao Ziyang and Hu Yaobang;
reassessment of Mao's role preserved Mao Zedong Thought but
condemned his mistakes in later years. Hua'sresignation as
party chairman was accepted and Hu Yaobang became chairman, as
well as secretary general of the restored Secretariat. Party
ranks increased to 40 million by 1981.
Twelfth
Beijing First September 1982
Beijing Second October 1983
Beijing Third October 1984
Beijing Fourth September 1985
Beijing Fifth September 1985
Beijing Sixth September 1986
With emphasis on collective leadership, the new party
constitution of 1982 abolished the post of party chairman.
Deng further consolidated the reform leadership's position
with high-level appointments and retirements of party veterans
to new Central Advisory Commission. Party rectification and
key urban economic reforms initiated. Additional elderly
leaders retired and younger, better educated ones elevated at
September 18-23, 1985 National Conference of Party Delegates.
Hu Yaobang demoted at enlarged Political Bureau meeting in
January 1987 for failing to control student demonstrations and
thereby undermining party discipline and predominance. Party
membership reached 46 million by 1987.
Table 2. Selected Foreign-Trade Corporations and Enterprises,
1987
Corporation
Subordinate to
China Electronics Import and Export Corporation (CEIEC)
Ministry of Electronics Industry
China Light Industrial Corporation for Foreign Economic and
Technical Cooperation (LIGHTIND)
Ministry of Light Industry.
China National Aero-Technology Import and Export Corporation
(CATIC)
Ministry of Astronautics
China National Agricultural Machinery Import and Export Industry
Corporation (AGRIMEX)
Ministry of Machine-Building Industry
China National Arts and Crafts Import and Export Corporation
(ARTCHINA)
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
China National Cereals, Oils, and Foodstuffs Import and Export
Corporation (CEROILFOOD)
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
China National Chemicals Import and Export Corporation (SINOCHEM)
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
China National Foreign Trade Transportation Import and Export
Corporation (SINOTRANS) ............
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
China National Import and Export Corporation of Medical Health
Products (MEHECO)
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
China National Instrument Import and Export Corporation
(INSTRIMPEX)
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
China National Light Industrial Products Import and Export
Corporation (INDUSTRY) .............
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
China National Machinery and Equipment Import and Export
Corporation Industry (EQUIMPEX)
State Machine-Building Industry Commission
China National Machinery Import Export Corporation (MACHIMPEX)
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
China National Metallurgical Import and Export Corporation (CMIEC)
Ministry of Metallurgical Industry
China National Metals and Minerals Import and Export Corporation
(MINMETALS)
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
China National Native Produce and Animal Byproducts Import and
Export Corporation (CHINATUHSU)
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC)
Ministry of Petroleum Industry
China National Packaging Import and Export Corporation (CHINAPACK)
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
China National Publications Import and Export Corporation
(PUBIMPORT)
State Science and Technology
China National Seed Corporation (CNSC)
Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Fishery
China National Technical Import and Export Corporation (TECHIMPORT)
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
China National Textiles Import and Export Corporation (CHINATEX)
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
China Northern Industrial Corporation (NORINCO)
Ministry of Ordnance Industry
China Nuclear Energy Industry Corporation (CNIEC)
Ministry of Nuclear Industry
China Ocean Shipping Company (COSCO)
Ministry of Communications
China Oriental Scientific Instruments Import and Export Corporation
(ASCHI)
Chinese Academy of Sciences
China Petrochemical Corporation (SINOPEC)
State Council
China Scientific Instruments and Materials Corporation (CSMIC)
State Science and Technology Commission
China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC)
State Council
Great Wall Industrial Corporation (GWIC)
Table 3. Government Organizations, 1987*
Leading Groups
Central Job Titles Reform
Commodity Prices
Electronics Industry Invigoration
Enterprise Consolidation
Foreign Funds and Management
General Survey of China's Industry
Nationwide"Safety Month" Activities
Nuclear Power Plants
Rural Energy Development
Science and Technology
Sea, Land, and Air Ports
Ministries
Aeronautics
Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Fishery
Astronautics
Chemical Industry
Civil Affairs
Coal Industry
Commerce
Communications
Culture
Electronics Industry
Finance
Foreign Affairs
Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
Forestry
Geology and Minerals
Justice
Labor and Personnel
Light Industry
Metallurgical Industry
National Defense
Nuclear Industry
Petroleum Industry
Posts and Telecommunications
Public Security
Public Health
Radio, Cinema, and Television
Railways
State Security
Supervision
Textile Industry
Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection
Water Resources and Electric Power
Commissions
National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry
State Machine-Building Industry
State Science and Technology
State Nationalities
State Family Planning
State Education State Restructuring of Economic System
State Planning
State Physical Culture
State Economic and Sports
Agencies
Auditing Administration
China Welfare Fund
China Shipping Inspection Bureau
China Council for the Promotion of International Trade
China Travel and Tourism Bureau
Commodities Inspection Administration
Foreign Experts Bureau
General Administration of Civil Aviation
General Administration of Customs Administration
Nuclear Safety Administration
Press and Publications Administration
Religious Affairs Administration
State Tobacco Monopoly
State Supplies Bureau
State Archives Bureau Administration
State Building Materials Industry Administration
State Environmental Protection Bureau
State Commodities Prices General Administration
State Weights and Measures Bureau
State Administration of Exchange Control
State Statistical Bureau
State Materials and Equipment Bureau
State Patent Bureau
State Oceanography Bureau
State Meteorological Administration
State Pharmaceutical
State Import and Export
State Standardization Bureau
State Seismological Administration
Trade Mark Bureau
Xinhua (New China) News Agency
Offices
Central Greening Commission
Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office
China Rural Development Research Center
Media and Publications Office
Chinese Olympic Committee
National Academic Degree Committee
Counselors Office
Economic Legislation Research Center
National Antarctic Survey
Economic, Technological, and Social Development Research Center
Northeastern Economic Zone Planning Office
Center Special Economic Zones Office
Environmental Protection Commission
State Commission for Guiding the Examination of Economic Management
Cadres
Government Offices Administrative Bureau
State Language Work Committee
Banks
Agricultural Bank
Bank of China
Bank People's Insurance Company
China Industrial and Commercial People's Construction Bank
China Investment Bank of China
Communications Bank
People's Bank of China
* The organizations in this list are subordinate to the State
Council.
Table 4. Diplomatic Relations, 1949-871
Year Year
Country Established2 Country Established2
Afghanistan ............ 1955 Djibouti ............... 1979
Albania ................ 1949 Ecuador ................ 1980
Algeria3 ............... 1958 Egypt .................. 1956
Angola ................. 1983 Equatorial Guinea ...... 1970
Antigua and Barbuda .... 1983 Ethiopia ............... 1970
Argentina .............. 1972 Fiji ................... 1975
Australia .............. 1972 Finland ................ 1950
Austria ................ 1971 France ................. 1964
Bangladesh ............. 1975 Gabon .................. 1974
Barbados ............... 1977 Gambia ................. 1974
Belgium ................ 1971 Germany, East .......... 1949
Belize ................. 1987 Germany, West .......... 1972
Benin4 ................. 1964 Ghana4 ................. 1960
Bolivia ................ 1985 Greece ................. 1972
Botswana ............... 1975 Grenada ................ 1985
Brazil ................. 1974 Guinea ................. 1959
Bulgaria ............... 1949 Guinea-Bissau .......... 1974
Burkina Faso ........... 1973 Guyana ................. 1972
Burma .................. 1950 Hungary ................ 1949
Burundi4 ............... 1963 Iceland ................ 1971
Cambodia5 .............. 1958 India .................. 1950
Cameroon ............... 1971 Indonesia6 ............. 1950
Canada ................. 1970 Iran ................... 1971
Cape Verde ............. 1976 Iraq ................... 1958
Central African ........ Ireland ................ 1979
Republic4 ............. 1964 Italy .................. 1970
Chad ................... 1972 Jamaica ................ 1972
Chile .................. 1970 Japan .................. 1972
Colombia ............... 1980 Jordan ................. 1977
Comoros ................ 1975 Kenya .................. 1963
Congo .................. 1964 Kiribati ............... 1980
Côte d'Ivoire .......... 1983 Korea, North ........... 1949
Cuba ................... 1960 Kuwait ................. 1971
Cyprus ................. 1972 Laos ................... 1962
Czechoslovakia ......... 1949 Lebanon ................ 1971
Denmark ................ 1950 Lesotho ................ 1983
Liberia ................ 1977 Senegal ................ 1971
Libya .................. 1978 Seychelles ............. 1976
Luxembourg ............. 1972 Sierra Leone ........... 1971
Madagascar ............. 1972 Somalia ................ 1960
Malaysia ............... 1974 Soviet Union ........... 1949
Maldives ............... 1972 Spain .................. 1973
Mali ................... 1960 Sri Lanka .............. 1957
Malta .................. 1972 Sudan .................. 1959
Mauritania ............. 1965 Suriname ............... 1976
Mauritius .............. 1972 Sweden ................. 1950
Mexico ................. 1972 Switzerland ............ 1950
Mongolia ............... 1949 Syria .................. 1956
Morocco ................ 1958 Tanzania ............... 1964
Mozambique ............. 1975 Thailand ............... 1975
Nepal .................. 1955 Togo ................... 1972
Netherlands7 ........... 1954 Trinidad and Tobago .... 1974
New Zealand ............ 1972 Tunisia4 ............... 1964
Nicaragua .............. 1985 Turkey ................. 1971
Niger .................. 1974 Uganda ................. 1962
Nigeria ................ 1971 United Arab Emirates ... 1984
Norway ................. 1954 United Kingdom7 ........ 1954
Oman ................... 1978 United States .......... 1979
Pakistan ............... 1951 Vanuatu ................ 1982
Papua New Guinea ....... 1976 Venezuela .............. 1974
Peru ................... 1971 Vietnam ................ 1950
Philippines ............ 1975 Western Samoa .......... 1975
Poland ................. 1949 Yemen, North ........... 1956
Portugal ............... 1979 Yemen, South ........... 1968
Romania ................ 1949 Yugoslavia ............. 1955
Rwanda ................. 1971 Zaire4 ................. 1961
San Marino8 ............ 1971 Zambia ................. 1964
Sao Tome and Principe .. 1975 Zimbabwe ............... 1980
1 Israel (1950) and Bhutan (1971) have recognized China, but
diplomatic relations have not been established. China and Singapore
have exchanged commercial representative offices since 1981, but
have no formal diplomatic ties.
2 When a discrepancy exists between the year of recognition and the
year in which full diplomatic relations went into effect, the
latter date is given.
3 China established diplomatic relations with the provisional
government of Algeria in 1958 before Algerian independence in 1962.
4 China's relations with six African nations were broken off in the
1960s and reestablished in the 1970s: Benin (broken off, 1966,
resumed, 1972), Burundi (broken off, 1965, resumed, 1971), African
Republic (broken off, 1966, resumed, 1976), Ghana (broken off,
1966, resumed, 1972), Tunisia (broken off, 1964, resumed 1971), and
Zaire (broken off 1961, resumed, 1972). The Chinese embassy in
Zaire closed soon after it opened in 1961.
5 Beijing recognizes the exiled Coalition Government of Democratic
Kampuchea led by Prince Norodom Sihanouk.
6 Beijing's ties with Jakarta were broken off in 1967 after
Indonesian accusations of Chinese involvement in a coup attempt.
Diplomatic relations had not been restored as of mid-1987.
7 China's relations with the Netherlands and the United Kingdom
were at the charge d'affaires level from 1954 until 1972, when they
were upgraded to the ambassadorial level. In 1981 China reduced its
level of representation in the Netherlands to charge d'affaires to
protest the sale of Dutch submarines to Taiwan. Ambassadorial
relations were reestablished in 1984.
8 Consular relations only.