Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Selected Election Results for the Congress of Deputies, 1977-86

	1977		1979
Party	Valid Votes	Percentage	Party	Valid Votes	Percentage
UCD	6,337,288	34.61	UCD	6,292,102	35.02
PSOE	5,358,781	29.27	PSOE	5,477,037	30.49
PCE	1,718,026	9.38	PCE	1,940,236	10.80
AP	1,525,028	8.33	CD	1,070,721	5.96
CiU	514,647	2.81	CiU	483,446	2.69
PNV	314,409	1.72	PNV	275,292	1.53
EE	60,312	0.33	HB	172,110	0.96
			EE	85,677	0.48
	1982		1986
Party	Valid Votes	Percentage	Party	Valid Votes	Percentage
PSOE	10,127,392	48.4	PSOE	8,887,345	44.3
AP	5,409,229	25.9	CP	5,245,396	26.2
UCD	1,425,248	6.8	CDS	1,862,856	9.3
AP/UCD*	139,148	0.6	CiU	1,012,054	5.0
PCE	846,440	4.0	IU	930,223	4.6
CiU	772,726	3.7	PNV	308,991	1.5
CDS	604,293	2.9	HB	231,558	1.2
PNV	395,656	1.9	EE	106,937	0.5
HB	210,601	1.0
EE	100,326	0.5

AP--Popular Alliance.
CD--Democratic Coalition (led by AP).
CDS--Democratic and Social Center.
CiU--Convergence and Union Party.
CP--Popular Coalition (led by AP).
EE--Basque Left.
HB--Popular Unity.
IU--United Left (leftist alliance dominated by PCE).
PCE--Communist Party of Spain.
PNV--Basque Nationalist Party.
PSOE--Spanish Socialist Workers' Party.
UCD--Union of the Democratic Center.

*These parties formed an alliance in three Basque provinces for the 1982 elections.

Table 3. Total Population and Annual Growth Rates, Census Years, 1860-1981

Census Year	Population	Annual Growth Rate	Census Year	Population	Annual Growth Rate
1860	15,655.467	0.34	1950	27,976,755	0.81
1910	19,927,150	0.72	1960	30,903,137	0.88
1920	21,303,162	0.69	1970	33,823,918	0.94
1930	23,563,867	1.06	1981	37,746,260	1.15
1940	25,877,971	0.98

Source: Based on information from John Paxton (ed.), The Statesman's Year-Book, 1989-1990, New York, 1989, 1114.

Table 4. Area, Population, and Density of the Autonomous Communities and Provinces in the Mid-decennial Census of April 1, 1986

Autonomous Community Province	Area (in square kilometers)	Population	Inhabitants Per Square Province Kilometer
Andalusia	87,268	6,875,628	79
Almería	8,774	448,592	51
Cádiz	7,385	1,054,503	143
Córdoba	13,718	745,175	54
Granada	12,531	796,857	64
Huelva	10,085	430,918	43
Jaén	13,498	633,612	47
Málaga	7,276	1,215,479	167
Seville	14,001	1,550,492	111
Aragón	47,669	1,214,729	25
Huesca	15,671	220,824	14
Teruel	14,804	148,073	10
Zaragoza	17,194	845,832	49
Asturias	10,565	1,114,115	105
Balearic Islands	5,014	754,777	151
Basque Country	7,261	2,133,002	294
þlava	3,047	275,703	90
Guipúzcoa	1,997	688,894	345
Vizcaya	2,217	1,168,405	527
Canary Islands	7,273	1,614,882	222
Las Palmas	4,065	855,494	210
Santa Cruz de Tenerife	3,208	759,388	237
Cantabria	5,289	524,670	99
Castilla-La Mancha	79,226	1,665,029	21
Albacete	14,858	342,278	23
Ciudad Real	19,749	477,967	24
Cuenca	17,061	210,932	12
Guadalajara	12,190	146,008	12
Toledo	15,368	487,844	32
Castilla y León	94,147	2,600,330	28
þvila	8,048	179,207	22
Burgos	14,269	363,530	25
León	15,468	528,502	34
Palencia	8,029	188,472	23
Salamanca	12,336	366,668	30
Segovia	6,949	151,520	22
Soria	10,287	97,565	9
Valladolid	8,202	503,306	61
Zamora	10,559	221,560	21
Catalonia	31,970	5,977,008	187
Barcelona	7,773	4,598,249	592
Gerona	5,886	490,667	83
Lérida	12,028	356,811	30
Tarragona	6,283	531,281	85
Extremadura	41,602	1,088,543	26
Badajoz	21,657	664,516	31
Cáceres	19,945	424,027	21
Galicia	29,434	2,785,394	95
La Coruña	7,876	1,102,376	140
Lugo	9,803	399,232	41
Orense	7,278	399,378	55
Pontevedra	4,477	884,408	198
Madrid	7,995	4,854,616	607
Murcia	11,317	1,014,285	90
Navarre	10,421	512,676	49
La Rioja	5,034	262,611	52
Valencia	23,305	3,772,002	162
Alicante	5,863	1,254,920	214
Castellón	6,679	437,320	65
Valencia	10,763	2,079,762	193

Source: Based on information from John Paxton (ed.), The Statesman's Year-Book, 1989-1990, New York, 1989, 1114-1115.

Table 5. Population of Principal Cities in the Mid-decennial Census of April 1, 1986

City	Population	City	Population
Albacete	127,169	Orense	102,455
Alicante	265,543	Oviedo	190,651
Almería	156,838	Palencia	76,707
Badajoz	126,340	Palma de Mallorca	321,112
Barcelona	1,694,064	Las Palmas
Bilbao	378,221	de Gran Canaria	372,270
Burgos	163,910	Pamplona	183,703
Cáceres	79,342	Salamanca	166,615
Cádiz	154,051	San Sebastián	180,043
Cartagena	168,809	Santa Cruz de Tenerife	211,389
Castellón	129,813	Santander	188,539
Córdoba	304,826	Santiago de Compostela	104,045
La Coruña	241,808	Seville	668,356
Gerona	67,578	Tarragona	109,557
Granada	280,592	Valencia	738,575
Huelva	135,427	Valladolid	341,194
Jerez de la Frontera	180,444	Vitoria	207,501
Jaén	102,826	Zaragoza	596,080
León	137,414
Lérida	111,507
Logroño	118,770
Lugo	77,728
Madrid	3,123,713
Málaga	595,264
Murcia	309,504

Source: Based on information from John Paxton (ed.), The Statesman's Year-Book, 1989-1990, New York, 1989, 1115-1116.

Table 6. Number of Foreign Tourists and Earnings from Tourism, Selected Years, 1960-87

Year	Number of Tourists (in millions)	Earnings (in millions of United States dollars)
1960	6.1	350
1965	14.3	1,105
1970	24.1	1,681
1975	30.1	3,404
1980	38.0	6,968
1982	42.0	7,126
1984	43.0	7,717
1986	47.4	12,058
1987	50.5	14,760

Source: Based on information from Spain, Ministerio del Portavoz del Gobierno, Spain, 1989, Madrid, 1989, 141.

Table 7. Selected Crops, 1985-87

**(in thousands of tons)**
Crop	1985	1986	1987
Almonds	287	221	250
Bananas	402	471	410
Barley	10,698	7,431	9,602
Cabbages	546	465	421
Corn	3,414	3,423	3,555
Grapes	5,450	5,788	6,181
Lemons	482	619	584
Mandarins	1,051	1,164	1,133
Oats	680	433	503
Olive oil	429	533	710
Onions	1,249	1,166	1,104
Oranges	1,968	2,135	2,359
Potatoes	5,927	5,125	5,379
Rice	463	496	490
Rye	273	220	320
Sugar beets	6,619	7,746	7,908
Tomatoes	2,429	2,400	2,347
Wheat	5,329	4,392	5,768

Source: Based on information from Europa World Year Book, 1989, 2, London, 1989, 2336.

Table 8. Fishing Industry Catches, 1984-86

**(in thousands of tons)**
Type of Catch	1984	1985	1986
Blue mussels	116.8	103.3	118.3
Cephalopods
Octopuses	54.1	51.5	45.9
Squid	26.1	23.6	66.6*
Cod varieties
Atlantic cod	35.5	38.3	54.6
Cape hake	119.0	136.4	147.9
European hake	55.1	46.3	42.3*
Blue whiting	25.2	26.6	35.7
Mackerel varieties
Atlantic horse mackerel	34.0	34.1	44.7
Atlantic mackerel	19.4	16.1	23.4
Cape horse mackerel	20.9	19.4	15.8
Sardines	257.1	229.0	173.2*
Tuna varieties
Albacore	17.5	21.4	22.1
Skipjack tuna	57.2	58.5	65.5
Yellowfin tuna	57.9	83.3	79.6
TOTAL (incl. others)	1,337.7	1,337.7	1,303.5

*Estimates of the Food and Agriculture Organization.

Source: Based on information from Europa World Year Book, 1989, 2, London, 1989, 2337.

Table 9. Selected Mineral Production, 1986-87

**(in thousands of tons, net metal content)**
	1986	1987
Copper	47	11
Fluorspar	278	196
Iron	2,778	2,042
Lead	80	78
Potassium salts	1,491	1,612
Pyrites	1,195	992
Tin*	281	71
Uranium*	373	380
Wolfram*	564	64
Zinc	223	225

*in tons.

Source: Based on information from John Paxton, (ed.), Statesman's Year-Book, 1989-1990, New York, 1989, 1120.

Table 10. Composition of Foreign Trade, 1981 and 1987

**(in billions of pesetas)**
Trade Items	1981	1987
Imports
Capital goods	419.0	1,432.8
Consumer goods	278.1	1,193.6
Food	258.1	606.5
Fuels	1,259.6	986.5
Raw materials	334.2	508.8
Semi-finished products	421.5	1,301.6
Total imports	2,970.5	6,029.8
Exports
Capital goods	296.3	617.3
Consumer goods	476.4	1,324.0
Food	347.0	739.8
Fuels	99.1	260.7
Raw materials	61.9	156.1
Semi-finished products	607.6	1,097.8
Total exports	1,888.3	4,195.7

Source: Based on information from Spain, Ministerio del Portavoz del Gobierno, Spain, 1989, Madrid, 1989, 150.

Table 11. Total Spanish Foreign Trade and Trade with Selected Partners, 1982-86

**(in millions of pesetas)**
Year	Total	EC1	Br2	France	FRG3	US4	Japan	OPEC5	Com econ6
IMPORT
1982	3,465,539	1,100,475	170,379	275,316	328,225	478,276	110,526	929549	106,633
1983	4,176,470	1,373,484	256,671	344,334	366,060	495,500	139,948	1,047,765	137,654
1984	4,628,991	1,583,587	281,083	398,049	458,737	519,278	141,787	1,118,687	158,234
1985	5,073,238	1,868,454	329,621	471,091	537,432	552,982	172,779	1,021,674	140,341
1986	4,890,767	2,458,096	377,652	571,425	736,088	482,717	240,906	551,563	98,923
EXPORT
1982	2,258,006	1,098,062	160,670	369,874	185,071	255,387	145,471	340,172	60,261
1983	2,838,601	1,424,859	219,887	448,737	260,186	345,209	206,640	397,766	87,178
1984	3,731,128	1,943,658	343,042	566,574	361,796	446,605	361,126	346,345	122,692
1985	4,104,143	2,142,398	351,294	635,017	392,478	475,488	408,561	300,116	170,279
1986	3,801,837	2,295,308	335,376	682,902	445,540	529,228	351,046	215,727	109,427

1European Community.
2Britain.
3Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany).
4United States.
5Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
6Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.

Source: Based on information from Ramón Tamames, Introducción a la economía española, Madrid, 1987, 348.

Table 12. Foreign Investment in Spain by Country, 1982-87

**(in billions of pesetas)**
Country	1982	1984	1986	19 87	Percentage of Total Foreign Investment, 1982-87
Belgium	1.0	3.4	11.5	33.5	3
Britain	10.3	20.7	28.0	45.4	8
France	8.0	15.6	25.1	50.1	10
Italy	2.0	4.3	25.3	67.1	7
Japan	3.5	15.6	9.9	33.3	5
Netherlands	16.3	18.4	30.5	122.5	13
Switzerland	35.4	22.5	21.1	61.0	11
United States	42.3	35.0	32.1	40.1	14
West Germany	18.9	26.9	104.5	26.8	14
Others	24.7	75.4	52.0	60.5	17
TOTAL	162.4	237.8	340.0	540.3	100*

*Figure does not add to total because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Mark Hudson and Stan Rudcenko, Spain to 1992: Joining Europe's Mainstream, Special Report No. 118, Economist Intelligence Unit, London, 1988, 112.

Table 13. Autonomous Communities and Date of Approval of Statutes of Autonomy

Autonomous Community	Approval Date
Basque Country	December 18, 1979
Catalonia	December 18, 1979
Galicia	April 6, 1981
Andalusia	December 30, 1981
Asturias	December 30, 1981
Cantabria	December 30, 1981
La Rioja	June 9, 1982
Murcia	June 9, 1982
Valencia	July 1, 1982
Aragon	August 10, 1982
Castilla-La Mancha	August 10, 1982
Canary Islands	August 10, 1982
Navarre	August 10, 1982
Extremadura	February 25, 1983
Balearic Islands	February 25, 1983
Madrid	February 25, 1983
Castilla y León	February 25, 1983

Table 14. Selected Regional Parties

Name of Party	Ideology	Year Founded
Basque Left (Euskadiko Ezkerra--EE)	leftist	1976
Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco--PNV)	center-right	1894
Basque Solidarity (Eusko Alkartasuna--EA)	radical independentist	1986
Canary Independence Association (Agrupación Independiente Canaria-- AIC)	independentist	1986
Republican Left of Catalonia (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya-- ERC)	moderate left	1931
Convergence and Union (Convergència i Unió--CiU)	center-right	1979
Galician Coalition (Coalición Galega--CG)	reformist	1985
Popular Unity (Herri Batasuna--HB)	leftist	1978
Regionalist Aragonese Party (Partido Aragonés Regionalista--PAR)	center-right	1977
Union of the Navarrese People (Unión del Pueblo Navarro-UPN)	social Christian	1979

Table 15. The Thirty Daily Newspapers with the Largest Circulations in 1987

Newspaper	Place of Publication	Average Circulation in 1987
El País	Madrid and Barcelona	373,000
ABC	Madrid and Seville	247,000
La Vanguardia	Barcelona	201,000
As	Madrid	157,000
El Periódico	Barcelona	154,000
Marca	Madrid and Seville	144,000
Diario 16	Madrid and Seville	136,000
El Correo Español-El Pueblo Vasco
Bilbao	123,000
La Voz de Galicia	La Coruña	82,000
El Diario Vasco	San Sebastián	81,000
Ya	Madrid	75,000
Las Provincias	Valencia	56,000
El Mundo Deportivo	Barcelona	55,000
Sport	Barcelona	50,000
Deia	Bilbao	50,000
Heraldo de Aragón	Zaragoza	49,000
Diario de Navarra	Pamplona	43,000
Egin	Hernani	41,000
La Verdad	Murcia	40,000
Avui	Barcelona	39,000
La Nueva España	Oviedo	36,000
El Faro de Vigo	Vigo	32,000
Sur	Málaga	32,000
La Provincia	Las Palmas de Gran Canaria	32,000
Información	Alicante	31,000
Diario de Cádiz	Cádiz	28,000
Levante	Valencia	27,000
þltima Hora	Palma de Mallorca	26,000
El Diario Montañés1	Santander	26,000
Ideal	Granada	26,000

Source: Based on information from Ramon Tamames (ed.), El País Anuario, 1989, Madrid, El País, 1989, 200.

Table 16. Major Army Equipment, 1987

Type and Description	Country of Manufacture	Number in Inventory
Tanks
AMX-30E	France/Spain	300
M-47E	United States	380
M-48A5E	-do-	164
M-41	-do-	127
Armored vehicles
M-113 armored personnel carriers	-do-	1,196
BMR-600 six-wheeled infantry combat vehicles	Spain	510
AML-60 reconnaissance vehicles	France	60
AML-90 light armored cars	-do-	80
Self-propelled guns and howitzers
105mm M-108 howitzers	United States	48
155mm M-109A howitzers	-do-	96
175mm M-107	-do-	12
203mm M-55 howitzers	-do-	4
Towed Artillery
105mm M-26 and M-56 pack	United States	810
122mm 122		46
	Spain	188
155mm M-114	United States	84
155mm M-44	-do-	12
203mm M-115	-do-	24
Multiple Rocket Launchers
Teruel 140mm	Spain	12
L-21 216mm	-do-	16
Mortars: 81mm, 107mm, 120mm	various	1,200
Antitank weapons
106mm recoilless rifles	United States	500
M-65 88.9mm rocket launchers	-do-	42
Milan, Cobra, Dragon, HOT, and TOW missiles	France and United States	130
Air defense weapons
20mm, 35mm, 40mm, and 90mm guns	various	364
Nike, Hercules missiles	United States	9
Improved Hawk	-do-	24
Roland	France	n.a.
Aspide	Italy	n.a.
Helicopters
Bell UH-1 B
H (utility)	United States	69
CASA-MBB HA-15 (attack; reconnaissance)	Spain/West Germany	70
AB-206A; AB-212 (training; utility)	Italy	9
OH-58B (transport)	United States	12
CH-47 Chinook (transport)	-do-	18

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from the International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1987-88, London, 1987, 75.

Table 17. Major Naval Equipment, 1988

Type and Description	Origin	Number	Date Commissioned
Aircraft carrier
Dédalo (eight Harriers; eight helicopters)	United States	1	1967 (to be retired)
Principe de Asturias (six-eight Harriers (VSTOL); eight helicopters)	Spain	1	1988
Submarine
Agosta class	Spain/France	4	1983-86
Daphne class	-do-	4	1973-75
Destroyer
Gearing class	United States	5	1945
Fletcher class	-do-	3	1943-44
Roger de Lauria	Spain	1	1959
Frigate
FFG-7 class	-do-	3	1986-88
F-70 Baleares	-do-	5	1973-76
Corvette
Atrevida class	-do-	4	1954-60
Descubierta class	-do-	6	1978-82
Fast attack craft, missile armed	-do-	12	1975-78
Patrol craft, various types	-do-	79	various
Minesweeper
Aggressive class (ocean)	United States	4	1953-54
Adjutant class (coastal)	-do-	8	1956-59
Amphibious
Paul Revere class LPA1	-do-	2	1958-61
Cabildo class LSD2	-do-	1	1945
Landing craft, various types	Spain and United States	35	various
Helicopter
AB-212 (command; reconnaissance)	Italy	12	n.a.
Sea King (antisubmarine)	United States	13	n.a.
Hughes 500M (antisubmarine)	-do-	11	n.a.

n.a.--not available.
1 Amphibious Personnel Transport.
2 Landing Ship, Dock.

Source: Based on information from the International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1987-88, London, 1987, 76; and Jane's Fighting Ships, 1987-88, London, 1987, 461-75.

Table 18. Major Air Force Equipment, 1987

Type and Description	Country of Origin	Number in Inventory
Fighter-bomber-interceptors
F-4C and RF-4C Phantoms	United States	36
Mirage IIIE and IIID (trainer)	France	30
Mirage F1	-do-	63
F-18 Hornets	United States	24
	(on order)	48
Ground attack
SF-5	Spain (assembly)	52
Maritime reconnaissance
Orion P-3A	United States	6
Fokker F-27	Netherlands	3
Transport
C-130 Hercules	United States	5
KC-130 (aerial refueling)	-do-	6
CASA C-212 Aviocar	Spain	82
DHC-4 Caribou	United States	12
Utility
Do-27	West Germany	49
Training
Beech T-34A Mentor	United States	24
Beech F-33A Bonanza	-do-	8
CASA C-101	Spain	40
Helicopters
Aérospatiale SA-319A Alouette III	France	6
Aérospatiale SA-330 Puma	-do-	6
Aérospatiale AS-332B Super Puma	Spain (assembly)	12
Agusta Bell 205, 206	Italy	17
Hughes 269A	United States	17
Bell CH-47 Chinook	-do-	25

Source: Based on information from the International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1987-88, London, 1987, 76-77.