Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Population Distribution by Region, 1960, 1970, and 1984¹

**(in thousands)**
Region	1960	1970	1984
Ashanti	1,109.1	1,481.7	2,090.1
Brong-Ahafo	587.9	766.5	1,206.6
Central	751.4	890.1	1,142.3
Eastern	777.3	1,209.8	1,680.9
Greater Accra	491.8²	903.4	1,431.1
Northern	531.6	727.6	1,164.6
Upper East	---³	542.9	772.7
Upper West	757.3³	319.9	438.0
Volta	1,094.2	947.3	1,211.9
Western	626.2	770.1	1,157.8
TOTAL	6,726.8	8,559.3	12,296.0

¹ Latest available data. Ghana's 1993 population is estimated at 16.7 million, but no regional breakdown is available.
² Represents only Accra administrative area. The rest of what is now Greater Accra Region was part of Eastern Region in 1960.
³ In 1960 Upper East and Upper West regions were combined in Upper Region.

Source: Based on information from Ghana, Monthly Economic Bulletin, Accra, 3, May 1970, 2; Ghana, Statistical Service, Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Accra, December 1991, Table 95; and United States, Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook, Washington, 1993, 147.

Table 3. Population Density, Growth Rate, and Rural-Urban Distribution by Region, 1970-84

		Population Density¹		Population Distribution³
Region	Area4	1970	1984	Gr owth Rate²	Rural	Urban
Ashanti	24,389	61	86	2.5	67.5	32.5
Brong-Ahafo	39,557	19	31	3.3	73.4	26.6
Central	9,826	91	116	1.8	71.2	28.8
Eastern	19,323	63	87	2.4	72.3	27.7
Greater Accra	3,245	278	441	3.3	17.0	83.0
Northern	70,384	10	17	3.4	74.8	25.2
Upper East	8,842	61	87	2.6	87.1	12.9
Upper West	18,476	17	24	2.3	89.1	10.9
Volta	20,570	46	59	1.8	79.5	20.5
Western	23,921	32	48	3.0	77.4	22.6
GHANA	238,533	36	52	2.6	68.0	32.0

¹ In square kilometers.
² Persons per square kilometer.
³ Average annual compound rate for 1970-84 period, in percentages.
⁴ In percentages, for 1984; towns with 5,000 or more inhabitants.

Source: Based on information from Ghana, Statistical Service, Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Accra, December 1991, Tables 94, 95, and 96.

Table 4. Medical and Paramedical Personnel in Government Institutions by Region, 1989¹

Region	Physicians	Medical Assistants	Dentists	Dental Assistants	Nurses²	Nurses³	Midwives	Pharmacists	Dispensary Assistants
Ashanti	24	35	2	3	163	379	136	5	108
Brong-Ahafo	19	23	2	5	65	703	74	3	62
Central	16	37	5	5	226	730	103	4	74
Eastern	50	41	4	6	318	1,240	287	4	135
Greater Accra	60	39	12	14	1,078	1,138	335	10	123
Northern	18	36	---	3	275	544	110	6	44
Upper East	15	17	---	4	109	414	90	2	47
Upper West	9	16	---	---	138	283	131	3	27
Volta	35	30	2	5	277	901	156	6	69
Western	43	40	4	8	394	563	89	5	76
Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital⁴	121	1	5	9	306	292	170	11	47
Korle-Bu Hospital⁴	218	---	3	8	649	623	55	8	62
TOTAL	628	315	39	70	3,998	7,810	1,736	67	874

---means negligible.
¹ Latest available data. Figures do not include medical personnel working in quasi-governmental institutions.
² Includes registered nurses and nurse anesthetists.
³ Includes community health nurses.
⁴ Korle-Bu Hospital in Accra and Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi are both teaching hospitals.

Source: Based on information from Ghana, Statistical Service, Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Accra, December 1991, Table 85.

Table 5. Enrollment and Gender Breakdown by Education Level, Selected Academic Years, 1980-81 to 1990- 91

Education Level	1980-81		1985- 86		1989-90		1990-91
	Student Enrollment	Gender Breakdown¹	Student Enrollment	Gender Breakdown¹	Student Enrollment	Gender Breakdown¹	Student Enrollment	Gender Breakdown¹
Primary
Males	766,406	56	718,173	55	939,010	55	991,877	55
Females	611,328	44	577,727	45	764,064	45	811,271	45
Total primary	1,377,734	100	1,295,900	100	1,703,074	100	1,803,148	100
Middle²
Males	316,063	60	315,253	58	62,117	60	---	---
Females	213,632	40	224,670	42	40,951	40	---	---
Total middle	529,695	100	539,923	100	103,068	100	---	---
Junior secondary²
Males	---	---	---	---	366,830	59	377,108	62
Females	---	---	---	---	258,188	41	232,235	38
Total junior secondary	---	---	---	---	625,018	100	609,343	100
Senior secondary
Males	78,017	69	89,220	69	112,542	67	133,581	67
Females	35,140	31	40,787	31	55,458	33	65,679	33
Total senior secondary	113,157	100	130,007	100	168,000	100	199,260	100
Polytechnics³
Males	---	---	7,203⁴	72⁴	8,403	73	n.a.	n.a.
Females	---	---	2,785⁴	28⁴	3,065	27	n.a.	n.a.
Total polytechnics	---	---	9,988⁴	100⁴	11,468	100	n.a.	n.a.
University of Ghana
Males	3,098	84	2,807	81	3,269	81	3,076	76
Females	607	16	645	19	771	19	976	24
Total University of Ghana	3,705	100	3,452	100	4,040	100	4,052	100
University of Science and Technology
Males	2,432	86	2,702	84	2,902	83	3,099	82
Females	384	14	500	16	575	17	697	18
Total University of Science and Technology	2,816	100	3,202	100	3,477	100	3,796	100
University of Cape Coast
Males	1,139	81	1,259	82	1,387	80	n.a.	n.a.
Females	266	19	280	18	347	20	n.a.	n.a.
Total University of Cape Coast	1,405	100	1,539	100	1,734	100	n.a.	n.a.
Total university enrollment
Males	6,669	84	6,768	83	7,558	81	6,175⁵	79⁵
Females	1,257	16	1,425	17	1,693	19	1,673⁵	21
Total university enrollment	7,926	100	8,193	100	9,251	100	7,848⁵	100⁵

n.a.--not available.
¹ In percentages.
² As a result of education reforms of the mid-1980s, middle schools were phased out and junior secondary schools were phased in.
³ Full-time and part-time students.
⁴ 1986-87 figures.
⁵ Enrollment in the University of Ghana and in the University of Science and Technology only.

Source: Based on information from Ghana, Statistical Service, Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Accra, December 1991, Tables 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, and 77; and World Bank, various sources.

Table 6. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Market Prices, Selected Years, 1986-92¹

	1986	1988	1990	1992
Total GDP (in billions of cedis)²
At current prices	511	1,051	2,032	3,009
At constant 1987 prices	713	787	854	934
Real change (in percentages)	5.1	5.5	3.3	3.9
In billions of United States dollars	4.62	5.11	5.55	6.06
Per capital GDP (in thousands of cedis)
At current prices	38.8	74.8	135.5	188.5
At constant 1987 prices	54.2	56.0	56.9	58.5
Real change (in percentages)	1.7	2.2	0.0	0.9
In United States dollars	352	364	369	380

¹ Latest available data.
² For value of the cedi--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Ghana, Statistical Service, Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Accra, December 1991, Table 87; and Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Ghana, 1994-95, London, 1994, 16.

Table 7. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by Sector, 1983 and 1991¹

	1983		1991
Sector	Value²	Percentage	Value²	Percentage
Agriculture
Agriculture and livestock	92,047	50.0	873,493	33.9
Cocoa production and marketing	10,227	5.6	244,602	9.5
Forestry and logging	5,609	3.0	99,986	3.9
Fishing	2,044	1.1	33,942	1.3
Total agriculture	109,927	59.7	1,252,024	48.6
Industry
Mining and quarrying	1,944	1.1	45,587	1.8
Manufacturing	7,101	3.9	225,078	8.7
Electricity and water	358	0.2	51,950	2.0
Construction	2,796	1.5	89,195	3.5
Total industry	12,199	6.6	411,811	16.0
Services
Transportation and communications	7,663	4.2	114,688	4.5
Wholesale and retail trade	43,120	23.4	442,787	17.2
Finance and insurance	3,311	1.8	107,391	4.2
Government and other	8,670	4.7	243,456	9.4
Total services	62,764	34.1	908,322	35.3
Less imputed bank service charges	- 2,259	-1.2	-35,461	-1.4
Import duties	1,407	0.8	38,077	1.5
GDP at market prices	184,038	100.0	2,574,774	100.0

¹ Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
² At current prices, in millions of cedis (for value of the cedi--see Glossary).

Source: Based on information from Ghana, Statistical Service, Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Accra, 1987, Table 74; and Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Ghana, 1994-95, London, 1994, 15.

Table 8. External Debt, Selected Years, 1986- 92¹

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
	1986	1988	1990	1992
External debt
Long-term	1,754	2,214	2,705	3,131
Short-term	187	72	312	404
IMF credit²	786	762	745	740
Total external debt	2,726	3,048	3,761	4,275
Public disbursed debt
Official creditors	1,464	1,892	2,483	2,894
Private creditors	252	290	189	202
Total public disbursed debt	1,716	2,182	2,672	3,096
Debt service
Principal	112	424	250	185
Interest	111	128	105	115
Total debt service	232	552	356	300

¹ Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
² IMF--International Monetary Fund.

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Ghana, 1994-95, London, 1994, 34.

Table 9. Public Finance, Selected Years, 1988- 94¹

**(in millions of cedis)**
	1988	1990	1992	1994
Revenue	153,791	267,347	400,000	1,078,069
Current expenditure	-111,004	-198,193	-283,000	-742,376
Balance	42,787	69,154	117,000	335,693
Development expenditure	-32,893	-56,280	-157,000	-174,200
Net lending²	-5,983	-9,487	n.a.	- 93,457
Overall balance	3,911	3,387	n.a.	68,036
Financing
Domestic	-6,166	- 27,977	n.a.	- 151,813
External	2,255	24,590	n.a.	83,777

n.a.--not available.
¹ For value of the cedi--see Glossary.
² Net loans, advances, and investment in public boards, corporations, and companies.

Source: Based on information from Ghana, Statistical Service, Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Accra, December 1991, Table 33; and Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Ghana, 1994-95, London, 1994, 28.

Table 10. Balance of Payments, Selected Years, 1986-94¹

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
	1986	1988	1990	1992	1994²
Merchandise exports	773	881	891	986	1,246
Merchandise imports	-713	-993	-1,199	- 1,457	-1,760
Trade balance	61	- 112	-308	-470	-514
Exports of services	45	78	93	129	n.a.
Imports of services	-344	-400	-429	- 505	n.a.
Net private transfers	72	172	202	255	n.a.
Net official transfers	123	196	214	214	n.a.
Current account balance	-43	-66	-228	- 378	-190
Direct investment	4	5	15	22	n.a.
Other capital	59	204	310	299	n.a.
Capital account balance	63	209	325	321	n.a.

n.a.--not available.
¹ Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
² Estimated.

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Ghana, 1993-94, London, 1993, 32; Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Ghana [London], No. 3, 1994, 6; and Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Ghana, 1994-95, London, 1994, 32.

Table 11. Major Political Parties and Military Regimes, 1897-1994

Period	Description
1897-1920s	British West Africa Aborigine Rights Protection Society. Founded by small urban elite to protect property rights from British encroachment. Became a limited vehicle for later tribal leader protest as well.
1920s	National Congress of British West Africa. Regional educated elites' first effort to influence British to provide some elected voice for Africans.
1947-55	United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC). Postwar party of educated Africans demanding a voice in the government. Brought Kwame Nkrumah back from England as its secretary.
1949-66	Convention People's Party (CPP). Founded by Nkrumah. Served as main force for independence, then as his vehicle to power and rule. Abolished by 1966 coup.
1954-56	National Liberation Movement (NLM). Conservative, federalist opposition to CPP in crucial 1956 election. Largely Asante-based. Joined United Party (UP).
1955-1960s	United Party (UP). Led by K.A. Busia. Unified NLM and other CPP opponents as CPP's primary opposition. Gradually crushed by the government.
1966-70	National Liberation Council (NLC). Name adopted by army and police leaders of coup that overthrew Nkrumah. Dedicated to a return to democratic civilian rule.
1969-72	Progress Party (PP). Led by Busia and consisting of former UP supporters. Won 1969 election. Lost support of people and army through efforts to impose order on country's economy.
	National Alliance of Liberals (NAL). Led by K.A. Gbedemah and consisting of other followers of CPP's right wing. Defeated by PP in 1969. Joined others in opposition Justice Party (JP).
1972-75	National Redemption Council (NRC). Name adopted by Lieutenant Colonel I.K. Acheampong and associates after overthrow of Busia government. Ruled country without civilian input, with soldiers assigned to every organization.
1975-79	Supreme Military Council (SMC). Established by Acheampong out of the NRC. After ouster of Acheampong in 1978, began steps toward civilian rule, calling for elections in June 1979. On eve of elections, overthrown by junior officers of Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC).
1978-81	People's National Party (PNP). Created to contest 1979 election. Attracted former NAL members and others. Chose Hilla Limann as its candidate and won election by slim majority.
	Popular Front Party (PFP). Party of former Busia supporters. Formed opposition in new parliament.
1979	Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC). Name adopted by Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings and associates after Ghana's first violent coup. Without concrete platform except to punish corruption. Withdrew in favor of elected Limann government after four months in power.
1982-92	Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC). Composed of leaders of Rawlings's second coup. With considerable evolution of personnel and objectives, continued until 1992 to be the sole center of political power in Ghana.
1992-	National Democratic Congress (NDC), National Independence Party (NIP), New Patriotic Party (NPP), People's Heritage Party (PHP), and People's National Convention (PNC) are major parties organized to contest 1992 presidential election. NDC party of Rawlings and PNDC; NPP largely Asante-based, nominated Adu Boahen; NIP, PHP, and PNC all Nkrumahists. NCD elected, formed first government under Fourth Republic; remaining parties form opposition. In 1993 NIP and PHP formed (new) People's Convention Party (PCP).

Table 12. Voting Patterns in the District Assembly Elections by Region, 1988-89

Region	District	Candidates	Regist ered Voters	Votes Cast	Percentage Turnout
Ashanti	18	2,211	950,222	577,735	60.8
Brong-Ahafo	13	1,629	650,143	391,489	60.2
Central	12	1,421	549,564	307,668	56.0
Eastern	15	1,825	744,160	452,449	60.8
Greater Accra	5	693	792,012	350,861	44.3
Northern	13	1,471	508,560	308,191	60.6
Upper East	6	822	358,174	222,068	62.0
Upper West	5	458	212,192	143,017	67.4
Volta	12	1,343	568,590	334,445	58.6
Western	11	969	589,221	328,479	55.3
GHANA	110	12,842	5,922,838	3,416,402	58.9

Source: Based on information from Ghana, Local Government Information Digest, Special Editions I and II, Nos. 4-5, Accra, 1989.

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