Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / India

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coefficients and Factors

When you know	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204.0	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Annual Climatic Statistics, Selected Stations, 1990

Station	Approximate Precipitation (in millimeters)	Average Temperature Range (in degrees Celsius)
Station	Approximate Precipitation (in millimeters)	Minimum	Maximum
Bangalore	750	14.5	34.7
Bombay	877	19.8	33.2
Calcutta	2,167	14.2	34.5
Darjiling	2,783	1.7	21.6
Hyderabad	1,596	15.0	38.8
Madras	1,058	19.8	36.1
New Delhi	911	8.3	39.9
Patna	1,011	9.4	36.4
Port Blair	2,257	22.1	31.9
Shillong	2,427	7.1	24.2
Shimla	1,767	4.0	25.3
Srinagar	1,239	-1.7	30.8
Thiruvananthapuram	2,357	22.1	33.6
Vishakhapatnam	2,004	21.0	32.9

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Planning, Department of Statistics, Central Statistical Organisation, Statistical Pocket Book, 1991, New Delhi, 1992, 225-28.

Table 3. Area, Population, and Population Density by State and Union Territory, 1981 and 1991

State or Union Territory	Area (in square kilometers)	Population (in thousands)		Population Density (persons per square kilometer)
State or Union Territory		1981	1991	1981	1991
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	8,249	189	281	23	34
Andhra Pradesh	275,045	53,550	66,508	195	242
Arunachal Pradesh	83,743	632	865	8	10
Assam	78,438	18,041	22,414	230	286
Bihar	173,877	69,915	86,374	402	497
Chandigarh	114	452	642	3,961	5,632
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	491	104	138	211	282
Daman and Diu	112	79	102	705	907
Delhi	1,483	6,220	9,420	4,194	6,352
Goa	3,702	1,008	1,170	272	316
Gujarat	196,024	34,086	41,310	174	211
Haryana	44,212	12,922	16,464	292	372
Himachal Pradesh	55,673	4,281	5,171	77	93
Jammu and Kashmir	222,236	5,987	7,719	59	76
Karnataka	191,791	37,136	44,977	194	235
Kerala	38,863	25,454	29,098	655	749
Lakshadweep	32	40	52	1,258	1,616
Madhya Pradesh	443,446	52,179	66,181	118	149
Maharashtra	307,713	62,784	78,937	204	257
Manipur	22,327	1,421	1,837	64	82
Meghalaya	22,249	1,336	1,774	60	79
Mizoram	21,081	494	690	23	33
Nagaland	16,579	775	1,210	47	73
Orissa	155,707	26,370	31,660	169	203
Pondicherry	492	604	807	1,229	1,642
Punjab	50,362	16,789	20,282	333	403
Rajasthan	342,239	34,262	44,005	100	129
Sikkim	7,096	316	406	45	57
Tamil Nadu	130,058	48,408	55,859	372	429
Tripura	10,486	2,053	2,757	196	263







Uttar Pradesh	294,411	110,863	139,112	377	473
West Bengal	88,752	54,581	68,078	615	767
INDIA	3,287,263	683,329	846,303	216	257

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Census of India 1991: Final Population Totals: Brief Analysis of Primary Census Abstract, Series-1, Paper-2 of 1992, New Delhi, 1993, 78-97.

Table 4. Population and Population Density, Actual and Projected, Selected Years, 1901-2020

Year	Population	Population Density (persons per square kilometer)
1901	238,396,327	77
1911	252,093,390	82
1921	251,321,213	81
1931	278,977,238	90
1941	318,660,580	103
1951	361,088,090	117
1961	439,234,771	142
1971	548,159,652	177
1981	683,329,097	216
1991	846,302,688	267
1995	936,545,814	284
20002	1,018,105,000	309
20102	1,173,621,000	357
20202	1,320,746,000	401

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Census of India 1991, Provisional Population Totals, Series-1, Paper-1 of 1991, New Delhi, March 1991, 43; India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Census of India 1991, Final Population Totals: Brief Analysis of Primary Census Abstract, Series-1, Paper-2 of 1992, New Delhi, 1993, 78 and 86; and United States, Bureau of the Census, World Population Profile: 1994, Washington, February 1994, A-5.

Table 5. Distribution of Urban Population by Size of City, Selected Years, 1901-91 (in percentages of total urban population)

Size of Urban Center and Number of Inhabitants	1901	1951	1961	1971	1981	19911
Class I (100,000 and above)	26.0	44.6	51.4	57.2	60.4	65.2
Class II (50,000 to 99,999)	11.3	10.0	11.2	10.9	11.6	10.9
Class III (20,000 to 49,999)	15.6	15.7	16.9	16.0	14.3	13.2
Class IV (10,000 to 19,999)	20.8	13.6	12.8	10.9	9.5	7.8
Class V (5,000 to 9,999)	20.1	13.0	6.9	4.5	3.6	2.6
Class VI (less than 5,000)	6.1	3.1	0.8	0.4	0.5	0.3
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1994-95, Bombay, 1994, 48.

Table 6. Population and Population Increase in Urban Agglomerates with More Than 1 Million Persons, 1971-91

Urban Agglomerate	Population in 1991 (in thousands)	Population Increase, 1971-81 (in percentages)	Population Increase, 1981-91 (in percentages)
Bombay	12,572	42.9	33.4
Calcutta	10,916	23.9	18.7
Delhi	8,375	57.1	46.2
Madras	5,361	35.3	25.0
Hyderabad	4,280	42.7	67.0
Bangalore	4,087	75.6	39.9
Ahmadabad	3,298	45.9	28.9
Pune	2,485	48.6	47.4
Kanpur	2,111	23.5	28.8
Nagpur	1,661	40.8	36.2
Lucknow	1,642	23.8	63.0
Surat	1,517	87.4	64.2
Jaipur	1,514	59.4	49.2
Kochi	1,140	48.8	38.1
Coimbatore	1,136	25.0	23.4
Vadodara	1,115	67.4	42.5
Indore	1,104	47.9	33.1
Patna	1,099	66.7	19.6
Madurai	1,094	27.6	20.5
Bhopal	1,064	74.4	58.5
Vishakhapatnam	1,052	66.1	74.3
Varanasi	1,026	25.5	28.8
Kalyan	1,014	36.7	645.4
Ludhiana	1,012	51.3	66.7

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1994-95, Bombay, 1994, 50-52.

Table 7. Infant Mortality, Selected Years, 1911-95

Period	Deaths per 1,000 Live Births
1911-15	204
1916-20	219
1921-25	174
1926-30	178
1931-35	174
1936-40	161
1941-45	161
1946-50	134
1951-61	146
1961-71	129
1975-81	133
1992	91
1994	78
1995 (estimate)	76

Source: Based on information from Sudipto Mundle, "Recent Trends in the Condition of Children in India: A Statistical Profile," World Development [London], 12, No. 3, 1984, 301; "World Population Data Sheet of the Population Reference Bureau, Inc.," Washington, 1992; United States, Bureau of the Census, World Population Profile: 1994, Washington, February 1994, A-28; and United States, Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook, 1995, Washington, 1995, 196.

Table 8. Health Care Services, Selected Fiscal Years, 1960-91 (in thousands)

Service	1960	1973	1984	1991
Primary health centers	2.8	5.3	7.3	22.4
Hospitals	4.0	4.0	7.4	11.2
Dispensaries	9.9	10.8	21.9	27.4
Hospital beds	186.0	406.0	625.0	811.0
Physicians (registered)	76.0	172.4	297.0	394.0
Nurses (registered)	32.7	94.0	171.0	n.a.

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1988-89, Bombay, 1988, 175; and Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1994-95, Bombay, 1994, 190.

Table 9. Enrollment of School Children by Age, Selected School Years, 1950-91 (in percentages of total population in age-group)

School Year	Primary School (ages 6-11)	Middle School (ages 11-14)	High School (ages 14-17)
1950-51	42.6	12.7	5.3
1955-56	52.8	16.5	7.4
1960-61	62.4	22.5	10.6
1965-66	76.7	30.8	16.2
1970-71	76.4	34.2	n.a.
1975-76	83.8	36.7	18.3
1980-81	80.5	41.9	n.a.
1985-86	93.1	52.0	n.a.
1990-91	100.0	60.1	n.a.

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1988-89, Bombay, 1988, 171; and India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Research and Reference Division, India: A Reference Annual, 1988-89, New Delhi, December 1989, 73.

Table 10. Number of Schools and Teachers, Selected School Years, 1950-51 to 1986-87

Type	1950-51	1960-61	1970-71	1980-81	1986-87
Schools
Primary	209,671	330,399	408,378	485,538	530,728
Middle	13,596	49,663	90,600	116,447	n.a.
High	7,288	17,257	36,700	47,755	206,6693
Technical	1,377	2,738	2,337	8,708	2,627
Universities/ colleges	27	45	100	132	159
Total schools	231,959	400,102	538,115	658,580	740,183
Teachers
Primary	537,918	741,515	1,376,176	1,345,376	1,530,938
Middle	85,496	345,228	n.a.	830,649	n.a.
High	126,504	296,305	948,887	902,332	2,148,239
Technical	28,283	58,851	33,454	30,055	53,161
University/ college	18,648	41,759	113,037	185,558	277,747
Total teachers	796,849	1,483,658	2,471,554	3,293,970	4,010,085

Source: Based on information from Tata News Services, Statistical Outline of India, 1988-89, Bombay, 1988, 171; India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Research and Reference Division, India: A Reference Annual, 1988-89, New Delhi, December 1989, 73; and India, Ministry of Planning, Department of Statistics, Central Statistical Organisation, Statistical Abstract, 1990, New Delhi, 1990, 499-500.

Table 11. Enrollment by Education Level, Selected School Years, 1950-51 to 1990-91 (in millions)

School Year	Primary School (Classes I-V)	Middle School (Classes VI-VIII)	High School (Classes IX-XII)
1950-51	19.2	3.1	1.2
1955-56	25.2	4.3	1.9
1960-61	35.0	6.7	2.9
1965-66	50.5	10.5	5.0
1970-71	57.0	13.3	6.6
1975-76	65.7	16.0	7.4
1980-81	73.8	20.7	10.8
1985-86	86.5	28.1	15.1
1990-91	99.1	33.3	20.9

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1988-89, Bombay, 1988, 171; Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1994-95, Bombay, 1994, 187; and India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Research and Reference Division, India: A Reference Annual, 1993, New Delhi, January 1994, 85.

Table 12. Enrollment of School-Age Population by Gender, Selected School Years, 1960-61 to 1986-87 (in percentages)

Level and Gender	1960-61	1975-76	1980-81	1986-87
Primary school	62.4	79.3	80.5	95.9
Males	82.6	95.7	95.8	111.8
Females	41.4	62.0	64.1	79.2
Middle school	22.5	35.6	41.9	53.1
Males	33.2	47.0	54.3	66.5
Females	11.3	23.3	28.6	38.9
High school	11.4	18.3	28.2	n.a.
Males	18.2	25.6	40.8	n.a.
Females	4.4	10.5	14.3	n.a.

Source: Based on information from United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, National Studies: India, Bangkok, 1991, 12.

Table 13. Religious Affiliations, 1991

Religious Group	Number of Adherents	Percentage of Total Population	Percentage Growth since 1981
Hindus	687,646,721	82.0	22.8
Muslims	101,596,057	12.1	32.8
Christians	19,640,284	2.3	16.9
Sikhs	16,259,744	1.9	25.5
Buddhists	6,387,500	0.8	35.9
Jains	3,352,706	0.4	4.4
Other religions	3,269,355	0.4	13.2
Religion not stated	415,569	0.1	573.5
Total	838,567,936	100.0	n.a.

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Census of India 1991: Religion, Series-1, Paper-1 of 1995, New Delhi, January 1995, x-xxiii, 18-60.

Table 14. National Calendar and Government Holidays

National Calendar
Name of Month	Dates on Gregorian Calendar
Chaitra	March 22-April 20
Vaisakha	April 21-May 21
Jyaistha	May 22-June 21
Ashada	June 22-July 22
Sravana	July 23-August 22
Bhadra	August 23-September 22
Asvina	September 23-October 22
Kartika	October 23-November 22
Agrahayana	November 23-December 21
Pausa	December 22-January 20
Magha	Janaury 21-February 19
Phalguna	February 20-March 21
NOTE: In 1957 the Indian government adopted a uniform, national calendar based on the Gregorian calendar and the Shaka Era (starting in A.D. 78) for civil government purposes. Using this calendar, the year A.D. 1995 is 1917 of the revised Shaka Era. The Shaka calendar has been used at least since the first century A.D. Because the Shaka calendar is based on solar and lunar observations, some of the dates of holidays listed below are subject to change in a given year and from one part of India to another. The dates shown below are from 1993 (Shaka 1915). An unofficial but widely used calendar in North India dates from the ninth century A.D., is based on the Vikrama Era (beginning in 57 B.C.), and starts in Chaitra. The Muslim calendar (starting with A.D. 622) is widely used among the Muslim population. The Buddhist calendar--based on the death of Buddha (483 B.C.)--and the Zoroastrian calendar (starting with 632 B.C.) are also used.
Government Holidays, 1993
Holiday	Significance	Date
Republic Day	Commemorates 1950 proclamation of the Republic of India	January 262
Holi	Hindu spring festival	March 8
Id al Fitr	Marks end of the month of fasting during Ramadan (Ramzan), the ninth month on the Islamic calendar	March 25
Ramanavami	Commemorates birthday of Ram	April 1
Mahavira Jayanti	Mahavira's birthday	April 5
Good Friday	Commemorates death of Christ	April 9
Buddha Purnima	Commemorates birth, death, and enlightenment of the Buddha	May 6
Id al Zuha (Bakr Id)	Commemorates Abraham's williness to sacrifice his son Ishmael	June 1
Muharram	Muslim New Year's	July 1
Janmashtami	Birthday of Krishna	August 11
Independence Day	Marks independence from Britain	August 15
Milad-un-Nabi (Id-e-Milad)	Prophet Muhammad's birthday	August 31
Mahatma Gandhi's Birthday	Commemorates birth of Mohandas K. Gandhi	October 22
Dussehra (Vijaya Dasami)	Commemorates triumph of Ram over Ravana, tenth day of Asvina	October 24
Dipavali (Diwali)	Hindu festival of lights	November 13
Guru Nanak's Birthday	Commemorates birth of Sikh leader	November 29
Christmas Day	Commemorates birth of Christ	December 252

Source: Based on information from Hindustan Year Book and Who's Who, 1994, Calcutta, 1994, 26-27; India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity, "List of Government of India Holidays for 1993," New Delhi, 1993; and M.N. Saha and N.C. Lahiri, History of the Calendar in Different Countries Through the Ages, New Delhi, 1992, 254, 258.

Table 15. Vernacular Languages with More Than 1 Million Speakers, 1991

Language	Estimated Number of Speakers	States and Union Territories Where Use Is Most Prevalent
HINDI	153,729,062	Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
TELUGU	44,707,697	Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Pondicherry, West Bengal
BENGALI	44,521,533	Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Orissa, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
MARATHI	41,723,893	Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
TAMIL	37,592,794	Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu
URDU	28,600,428	Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Ra-jasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
GUJARATI	25,656,274	Daman and Diu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh
MALAYALAM	21,917,430	Kerala, Lakshadweep, Maharashtra
KANNADA	21,595,019	Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
ORIYA	19,726,745	Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal
Bhojpuri	14,340,564	Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
PUNJABI	13,900,202	Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
ASSAMESE	8,958,977	Assam
Chhatisgarhi	6,693,445	Madhya Pradesh
Magadhi	6,638,495	Bihar, West Bengal
Manipuri (Meithei)	6,121,922	Meghalaya
Marwari	4,714,094	Rajasthan
Santali	3,693,558	Assam, Bihar, Orissa, Tripura, West Bengal
KASHMIRI	2,421,760	Jammu and Kashmir
Rajasthani	2,093,557	Rajasthan
Gondi	1,548,070	Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
KONKANI	1,522,684	Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra,
Dogri-Kangri	1,298,885	Jammu and Kashmir
NEPALI	1,286,824	Sikkim, West Bengal
Garhwali	1,227,151	Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh
Pahari	1,269,651	Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir
Bhili	1,250,312	Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan
Oraon (Kurukh)	1,240,395	Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal
Kumaoni	1,234,939	Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
SINDHI	1,204,678	Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan
Lamani (Lambadi)	1,203,338	Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal
Tulu	1,156,950	Karnataka, Kerala
Bagri	1,055,607	Punjab, Rajasthan

Note: Languages shown in UPPER CASE print are Scheduled Languages (see Glossary). The other Scheduled Language--Sanskrit--has an estimated 2,200 speakers. Some observers estimate that more than 28 million people use English as a first, second, or third language with varying degrees of proficiency.

Source: Based on information from Hindustan Year-Book and Who's Who, 1994, Calcutta, 1994, Part II, 207-208; Barbara F. Grimes, ed., Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Dallas, 1992, 532-65; and Kumar Suresh Singh, ed., People of India, 11: An Anthropological Atlas, New Delhi, 1993, 77.

Table 16. Growth of Gross National Product, Fiscal Years 1951-89 (in percentage change from previous year at constant FY 1980 prices)

Period	GNP	GNP per Capita
1951-55	3.6	1.7
1956-60	3.9	1.9
1961-65	2.3	0.1
1966-68	2.2	-0.1
1969-73	3.3	0.9
1974-79	3.1	2.6
1980-84	5.4	3.2
1985-89	5.5	3.3

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: India, Nepal, 1993-94, London, 1993, 14.

Table 17. Gross Domestic Product by Sector, Selected Fiscal Years, 1987-92 (in percent share)

Sector	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992
Primary (agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying)	32.5	34.8	33.8	33.5	32.8	32.3
Secondary (manufacturing, construction, electricity, other)	28.8	26.9	27.0	27.7	27.4	26.9
Trade, transportation, and communications	17.2	17.5	18.5	18.0	18.0	18.3
Real estate and finance	9.4	9.5	9.9	10.7	10.7	10.9
Services, including public administration and defense	12.1	11.3	10.8	11.1	11.1	11.6
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: India, Nepal, 1994-95, London, 1995, 21.

Table 18. Government Income and Expenditure, Fiscal Years 1981, 1989, and 1992 (in billions of rupees at current prices)

	1981	1989	1992
Direct taxes	44.6	113.5	210.6
Indirect taxes	200.9	668.8	994.3
Profits	-10.5	-23.2	-28.4
Interest receipts	11.1	36.3	64.6
Property receipts	9.8	33.8	62.0
Miscellaneous	3.9	18.7	31.4
Total income	259.8	847.9	1,334.5
Total outlay	241.8	1,044.3	1,537.2
Savings	17.9	-176.4	-202.7
Savings as percentage of GNP	1.1	-3.9	-2.9

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1992-93, Bombay, 1992, 20; and Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1994-95, Bombay, 1994, 22.

Table 19. Balance of Trade, Selected Fiscal Years, 1980-93 (in billions of rupees)

Year	Imports	Exports	Balance
1980	125.5	67.1	-58.4
1985	196.6	109.0	-87.6
1986	200.9	124.5	-76.4
1987	222.4	156.7	-65.7
1988	282.4	202.3	-80.0
1989	353.3	276.6	-76.7
1990	432.0	325.5	-106.5
1991	478.5	440.4	-38.1
1992	633.8	536.9	-96.9
1993	728.1	695.5	-32.6

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1992-93, Bombay, 1992, 93; and Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1994-95, Bombay, 1994, 101.

Table 20. Principal Exports, Fiscal Years 1990-93 (in billions of United States dollars)

Commodity	1992		1993
Commodity	Value	Percentage	Value	Percentage
Agriculture and allied products
Cashew kernels	0.3	1.4	0.3	1.5
Coffee	0.1	0.8	0.1	0.7
Fish and fish products	0.5	2.9	0.6	3.3
Oil meals	0.3	1.9	0.4	2.1
Raw cotton	0.5	2.6	0.1	0.7
Rice	0.3	1.4	0.3	1.7
Spices	0.1	0.7	0.2	0.8
Sugar	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.4
Tea and mate	0.6	3.3	0.5	2.7
Tobacco	0.2	0.8	0.2	0.9
Total agriculture and allied products	3.1	15.0	2.5	14.8
Ore and minerals
Iron ore	0.6	3.2	0.6	3.3
Other ore and minerals	0.3	1.4	0.2	1.3
Total ore and minerals	0.8	4.6	0.8	4.6
Manufactured goods
Chemicals	1.4	7.8	1.6	8.9
Handicrafts
Gems and jewelry	2.9	16.1	2.7	15.3
Other handicrafts	0.5	2.9	0.7	3.7
Total handicrafts	3.4	19.0	3.4	19.0
Industrial machinery	2.2	11.9	2.2	12.5
Jute manufactures	0.2	0.9	0.2	0.9
Leather and leather products	1.5	8.0	1.3	7.1
Ready-made garments	2.2	12.3	2.2	12.3
Textiles	1.2	6.5	1.3	7.3
Total manufactured goods	12.1	66.4	12.2	6.8
Mineral fuels and lubricants
Petroleum, oil, and lubri- cants	0.5	2.9	0.4	2.3
Other mineral fuels and lubricants	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total mineral fuels and lubricants	0.5	2.9	0.4	2.4
Other commodities	0.3	0.2	0.2	10.2
TOTAL	18.1	100.0	17.9	100.0

Agriculture and allied products
Cashew kernels	0.3	1.4	0.3	1.5
Coffee	0.1	0.7	0.2	0.8
Fish and fish products	0.6	3.2	0.8	3.6
Oil meals	0.5	2.9	0.7	3.3
Raw cotton	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.9
Cereals	0.3	1.9	0.4	1.9
Spices	0.1	0.7	0.2	0.8
Fruits and vegetables	0.1	0.6	0.1	0.6
Tea	0.3	1.8	0.3	1.4
Tobacco (unmanufactured)	0.1	0.7	0.1	0.5
Total agriculture and allied products	2.5	14.2	3.3	15.3
Ore and minerals
Iron ore	0.4	2.1	0.4	1.9
Processed minerals	0.1	0.8	0.2	0.9
Other ore and minerals	0.2	1.0	0.2	1.0
Total ore and minerals	0.7	3.9	0.9	3.8
Manufactured goods
Drugs, pharmaceuticals, and fine chemicals	0.5	2.9	0.6	2.9
Dyes and coal tar chemicals	0.3	1.8	0.4	1.6
Electronic goods	0.2	1.1	0.3	1.4
Gems and jewelry	3.1	16.6	4.0	18.0
Handicrafts	0.9	4.7	0.9	4.2
Iron and steel, primary and semifinished	0.2	0.9	0.4	1.9
Leather and leather products (including footwear)	1.3	6.9	1.3	6.0
Machinery and instruments	0.5	2.9	0.6	2.9
Metal manufactures	0.6	3.0	0.7	3.1
Ready-made garments	2.4	12.9	2.6	11.6
Textiles, cotton yarns, fabrics	1.4	7.3	1.5	6.9
Transportation equipment	0.5	2.9	0.6	2.6
Total manufactured goods	11.9	13.9	16.8	83.1
Crude oil and petroleum products	0.5	2.6	0.4	1.8
Other commodities	0.2	0.9	0.1	0.8
TOTAL1	18.5	100.0	22.2	100.0

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1992-93, New Delhi, 1993, 102; and India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1994-95, New Delhi, 1994, 95-96.

Table 21. Principal Imports, Fiscal Years 1990-93 (in billions of United States dollars)

Commodity	1992		1993
Commodity	Value	Percentage	Value	Percentage
Bulk imports
Food and allied products
Cereals	0.1	0.4	0.1	0.4
Edible oils	0.2	0.8	0.1	0.5
Pulses	0.3	1.1	0.1	0.5
Total food and allied products	0.6	2.3	0.3	1.4
Fuels
Petroleum, oil, and lubri-cants	6.0	25.1	5.4	27.6
Coal	0.5	1.8	0.4	2.2
Total Fuels	6.5	26.9	5.8	29.8
Ore and minerals
Iron and steel	1.2	4.9	0.8	4.1
Nonferrous metals	0.6	2.5	0.3	1.8
Ores and metal scrap	0.9	3.5	0.5	2.4
Total ore and minerals	2.7	10.9	1.6	8.3
Fertilizers	1.0	4.1	1.0	4.9
Paper, board, and pulp	0.5	2.1	0.3	1.7
Total bulk imports	11.2	46.3	9.0	46.1
Nonbulk imports
Capital goods	5.8	24.2	4.2	21.8
Export-related imports
Pearls and precious stones	2.1	8.7	2.0	10.1
Chemicals	1.3	5.3	1.4	7.1
Textile yarn, fabric, and other	0.3	1.0	0.1	0.7
Cashew nuts	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.6
Total export-related imports	3.8	15.3	3.6	18.5
Other nonbulk items
Professional instruments and other	0.6	2.5	0.4	2.1
Chemicals	0.5	2.1	0.4	2.2
Plastics and resins	0.6	2.5	0.6	2.9
Nonmetallic minerals	0.1	0.5	0.1	0.5
Total other nonbulk items	1.8	7.6	1.5	7.7
Total nonbulk imports	11.3	47.1	9.3	47.9
Other imports	1.6	6.5	1.2	5.9
TOTAL	24.2	100.0	19.5	100.0
Food and allied products
Cashew nuts	0.1	0.6	0.2	0.7
Cereals	0.3	1.5	0.1	0.4
Edible oils	0.1	0.6	0.1	0.7
Pulses	0.1	0.5	0.2	0.8
Total food and allied products	0.7	3.2	0.6	2.4
Fuels
Petroleum, oil, and lubri- cants	5.9	27.0	5.8	24.7
Coal	0.5	2.2	0.5	2.0
Total Fuels	6.4	29.2	6.3	26.7
Fertilizers	1.0	4.5	0.8	3.6
Paper board, paper manufactures, and newsprint	0.2	0.8	0.2	1.0
Capital goods
Machinery (except for electrical machine tools)	1.7	7.6	2.2	9.4
Electrical machinery	0.8	3.8	0.8	3.4
Transportation equipment	0.5	2.1	1.3	5.4
Project goods	1.3	5.8	1.4	6.0
Total capital goods	4.3	19.3	5.7	24.2
Other items
Pearls, precious stones, and semiprecious stones	2.4	11.2	2.6	11.3
Professional instruments, optical goods, and other	0.5	2.3	0.5	2.1
Chemicals	2.0	9.2	2.0	8.5
Iron and steel	0.7	3.3	0.8	3.4
Nonferrous metals	0.4	1.8	0.5	2.0
Total other items	6.0	27.8	6.4	27.3
Other unclassified imports	3.0	13.8	3.1	13.1
TOTAL1	21.6	100.0	23.3	100.0

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1992-93, New Delhi, 1993, 100; India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1994-95, New Delhi, 1994, 97-98.

Table 22. Major Trading Partners, Fiscal Years 1990-93 (in billions of United States dollars)

Destination or Source	1992				1993
	Exports		Imports		Exports		Imports
	Value	Percentage	Value	Percentage	Value	Percentage	Value	Percentage
Britain	1.2	6.5	1.2	6.7	1.5	6.4	1.2	6.2
France	1.4	7.8	1.4	8.0	1.7	7.1	1.6	8.0
Other EC	2.4	13.2	2.6	14.7	3.3	13.5	2.9	15.0
United States	2.7	14.7	2.2	12.1	3.9	16.4	1.9	10.3
Japan	1.7	9.3	1.3	7.5	2.2	9.2	1.4	7.1
Other OECD	0.4	2.0	0.9	5.0	1.3	5.2	1.5	7.7
Soviet Union	2.9	16.1	1.1	5.9	2.2	9.2	0.7	3.8
Eastern Europe	0.3	1.8	0.3	1.9	0.4	1.8	0.3	1.4
OPEC	1.0	5.6	2.9	16.3	2.1	8.7	3.8	19.7
Developing countries (other than OPEC)	3.0	16.8	3.3	18.4	3.9	16.1	3.0	15.5
Other	1.1	6.2	0.6	3.5	1.5	6.3	1.1	5.5
TOTAL	18.1	100.0	17.8	100.0	24.0	100.0	19.4	100.0






Britain	1.2	6.5	1.4	6.5	1.3	6.2	1.5	6.6
Germany	1.4	7.7	1.7	7.6	1.5	6.9	1.7	7.7
Other EU	2.6	14.1	3.5	16.1	2.8	12.9	3.6	15.7
United States	3.5	19.0	2.1	9.8	3.9	18.0	2.7	11.7
Japan	1.4	7.7	1.4	6.5	1.7	7.8	1.5	6.6
Russia	0.6	3.3	0.3	1.2	0.6	2.9	0.2	1.1
Eastern Europe	0.2	1.1	0.3	1.4	1.9	0.9	1.1	0.5
OPEC3	1.8	9.6	4.7	21.6	2.3	10.7	5.2	22.4
Developing countries (other than OPEC)	3.8	20.8	3.3	15.2	5.3	24.1	3.5	15.3
Other	1.9	10.1	3.1	14.2	2.1	9.7	2.8	12.4
TOTAL4	18.4	100.0	21.8	100.0	23.4	100.0	23.8	100.0

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1992-93, New Delhi, 1993, 102, 105; and India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1994-95, New Delhi, 1994, 98-99.

Table 23. Balance of Payments, Fiscal Years 1988-93 (in billions of United States dollars)

	1988	1989	1990	19912	1992	1993
Current Account
Exports f.o.b.	14.3	17.0	18.5	18.3	18.9	22.70
Imports c.i.f.	23.6	24.4	27.9	21.1	23.2	23.99
Trade balance	-9.4	-7.5	-9.4	-2.8	-4.4	-1.29
Invisibles (net)	1.4	0.6	-0.2	1.6	0.8	0.97
Current account balance	-8.0	-6.8	-9.7	-1.2	-3.5	-0.32
Capital account
External aid (net)	2.2	1.9	2.2	3.0	1.9	1.70
Commercial borrowings (net)	1.9	1.8	2.2	1.5	-0.4	0.84
Nonresident deposits (net)	2.5	2.4	1.5	0.3	2.0	0.94
Other capital flows	1.4	0.9	2.3	0.3	-0.2	2.15
Capital account balance	8.1	7.0	8.4	4.8	4.3	9.18
IMF borrowings (net)	-1.8	-0.9	1.2	0.8	1.3	0.19
Official reserves	+1.0	+0.7	+1.3	-3.6	-0.7	-8.87

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1992-93, New Delhi, 1993, 96; and India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1994-95, New Delhi, 1994, 87.

Table 24. Share of Public and Private Sectors in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Fiscal Years 1981 and 1992 (in trillions of rupees at current prices)

Sector	1981		1992
Sector	Value	Percentage	Value	Percentage
GDP (at factor cost)
Public sector	0.3	20.8	1.7	27.2
Private sector	1.1	79.2	4.6	72.8
Total GDP (at factor cost)	1.4	100.0	6.3	100.0
Gross domestic savings
Public sector	0.1	21.7	0.2	9.5
Private sector	0.3	78.3	1.4	90.5
Total gross domestic savings3	0.3	100.0	1.6	100.0
Gross domestic capital
Public sector	0.2	41.9	0.7	41.4
Private sector	0.2	58.1	1.0	58.6
Total gross domestic capital	0.4	100.0	1.8	100.0

Table 25. Production of Selected Industrial Products, Selected Fiscal Years, 1970-92

Product	Unit	1970	1980	1990	1992
Air conditioners (room)	thousands of units	11.0	28.0	39.2	35.1
Aluminum	thousands of tons	169.0	199.0	449.0	483.0
Aluminum conduc- tors	-do-	64.2	86.0	67.6	24.1
Cars, jeeps, and Land Rovers	thousands of vehicles	46.7	49.4	220.8	198.1
Caustic soda	thousands of tons	371.0	578.0	981.0	1,079.0
Cement	millions of tons	14.3	18.6	48.8	54.3
Commercial vehicles	thousands of vehicles	41.2	71.7	145.5	132.6
Copper (blister)	thousands of tons	9.3	25.3	40.6	45.3
Cotton cloth	billions of square meters	7.8	9.6	17.8	19.0
Diesel engines (stationary)	thousands of units	65.0	174.0	158.0	165.0
Finished steel	millions of tons	4.6	6.8	13.5	15.2
Jute textiles	-do-	1.1	1.4	1.4	1.3
Machinery for cement plants	billions of rupees	0.0	0.3	2.8	1.8
Machinery for cotton textiles	-do-	0.3	3.0	9.5	10.1
Machinery for sugar mills	-do-	0.1	0.2	0.9	1.0
Machine tools	-do-	0.4	1.7	7.9	9.7
Paper and board	millions of tons	0.8	1.1	2.1	2.2
Pig iron	-do-	7.0	9.6	12.1	13.2
Power transformers	millions of kilovolt-amperes	8.1	19.5	36.6	34.1
Refrigerators (domestic)	thousands of units	0.1	0.3	1.3	1.0
Soda ash	millions of tons	0.4	0.6	1.4	1.39
Steel ingots	-do-	6.1	10.3	13.5	15.2

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1992-93, Bombay, 1992, 71-73; and Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1994-95, Bombay, 1994, 79-81.

Table 26. Area Planted in Principal Crops, Selected Fiscal Years, 1950-90 (in thousands of hectares)

Crop	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990
Food grains
Cereals
Rice	30,810	34,128	37,592	40,152	42,687
Wheat	9,746	12,927	18,241	22,279	24,167
Coarse grains	37,674	44,963	45,950	41,779	36,319
Total cereals	78,230	92,018	101,783	104,210	103,173
Pulses	19,091	23,563	22,534	22,457	24,662
Total food grains	97,321	115,581	124,317	126,667	127,835
Percent change	n.a.	19	8	2	1
Oilseeds
Peanuts	4,494	6,463	7,326	6,801	8,309
Rapeseed and mustard seed	2,071	2,883	3,323	4,113	5,700
Cottonseed	--	--	--	7,823	7,355
Sesame	2,204	2,169	2,450	2,472	2,595
Soybeans	--	--	--	392	2,365
Sunflower	--	--	--	119	1,642
Other oilseeds	1,958	2,255	2,336	4,072	1,977
Total oilseeds	10,727	13,770	15,435	25,792	29,943
Sugarcane	1,707	2,415	2,615	2,667	3,686
Cotton	5,882	7,610	7,605	7,823	7,440
Jute	571	629	749	941	778

Source: Based on information from United States, Embassy in New Delhi, Annual Commodity Report, Oilseeds and Products, 1992, New Delhi, 1992, 2, 13, 18, 21, 24, 32-33; India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1991-92, 2: Sectoral Developments, New Delhi, 1992, S17-S19; India, Ministry of Planning, Department of Statistics, Central Statistical Organisation, Statistical Abstract 1990, India, New Delhi, 1991, 49; and India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Research and Reference Division, India 1993: A Reference Annual, New Delhi, 1994, 398-99.

Table 27. Land Use, Selected Fiscal Years, 1970-87 (in millions of hectares)

Category	1970	1980	1985	1987	Percentage of Area Classified, 1987
Forest	63.9	67.4	67.0	66.9	19.6
Not available for cultivation
Nonagricultural uses	n.a.	n.a.	20.5	20.8	6.1
Barren and uncultivable	n.a.	n.a.	20.2	20.4	6.0
Total not available for culti-vation	44.6	39.6	40.7	41.2	12.1
Other uncultivated land
Permanent pastures and grazing lands	13.3	12.0	12.0	11.9	3.5
Tree crops and groves	4.3	3.5	3.5	3.5	1.0
Cultivable wasteland	17.5	16.7	15.7	15.6	4.6
Fallow land	19.4	24.6	24.9	29.6	8.7
Total other uncultivated land	54.5	56.8	56.1	60.6	17.8
Cropped area
Net area sown	140.8	140.0	140.9	136.2	39.9
Area sown more than once per year	25.0	32.6	37.0	36.7	10.7
Total cropped area	165.8	172.6	177.9	172.9	50.6
Total area classified	328.8	336.4	341.7	341.6	100.0

Source: Based on information from United States, Embassy in New Delhi, India: Agricultural Situation, Annual Report, 1992, Washington, 1992, table 11; India, Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization, Department of Statistics, Statistical Abstract 1990, India, New Delhi, 1991, 46-47; and Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1992-93, Bombay, 1992, 56.

Table 28. Harvested and Irrigated Areas, Selected Fiscal Years, 1970-90 (in millions of hectares)

Area	1970	1980	1987	1990
Harvested area
Gross	165.8	172.6	172.9	182.5
Net	140.1	140.0	136.2	143.0
Cropping intensity (percentage)	118.4	123.3	127.0	127.6
Irrigated area
Gross	38.2	49.8	56.2	59.0
Net	31.1	38.7	43.1	47.0
Irrigation intensity (percentage)	23.0	29.0	33.0	32.3

Source: Based on information from United States, Embassy in New Delhi, India: Agricultural Situation, Annual Report, 1992, Washington, 1992, table 10; and Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1992-93, Bombay, 1992, 56-57.

Table 29. Production and Sale of Selected Mechanized Agricultural Equipment, Selected Fiscal Years, 1986-91 (in number of units)

Equipment	1986	1987	1988	1991
Tractors
Produced	80,004	92,092	109,987	151,759
Sold	78,823	93,157	110,323	150,582
Power tillers
Produced	3,325	3,005	4,798	7,580
Sold	3,209	3,097	4,678	7,528
Combine harvesters
Produced	57	149	109	187
Sold	57	144	110	189

Source: Based on information from Hindustan Year Book and Who's Who, 1994, New Delhi, 1994, 236; and India, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Co-operation, Annual Report, 1994-95, New Delhi, 1994, 67.

Table 30. Yield of Principal Crops, Selected Fiscal Years, 1950-90 (in kilograms per hectare)

Crop	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990
Food grains
Cereals
Rice	668	1,013	1,123	1,336	1,751
Wheat	663	851	1,306	1,630	2,274
Coarse grains	408	528	665	695	n.a.
All cereals	542	693	949	1,142	1,573
Pulses	441	539	524	473	576
All food grains3	522	710	872	1,023	1,382
Oilseeds
Peanuts	775	744	834	736	919
Rapeseed and mustard seed	368	467	594	560	900
Sesame	202	147	232	180	n.a.
Soybeans	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	1,128	1,022
Sunflower	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	555	540
Other oilseeds	470	505	604	305	n.a.
All oilseeds3	481	507	579	532	769
Sugarcane	33,421	46,133	48,324	57,836	65,000
Cotton	88	125	106	152	224
Jute	1,040	1,180	1,186	1,245	1,803

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1991-92, 2: Sectoral Developments, New Delhi, 1992, 5-18; and United States, Embassy in New Delhi, Annual Commodity Report, Oilseeds and Products, 1992, New Delhi, 1992, 22, 25.

Table 31. Production of Principal Crops, Selected Fiscal Years, 1950-90 (in thousands of tons)

Crop	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990
Food grains
Cereals
Rice	20,576	34,574	42,225	53,631	74,600
Wheat	6,462	10,997	23,832	36,313	54,500
Coarse grains	15,376	23,743	30,547	29,018	33,100
Total cereals	42,414	69,314	96,604	118,962	162,200
Pulses	8,411	12,704	11,818	10,627	14,100
Total food grains	50,825	82,018	108,422	129,589	176,300
Oilseeds
Peanuts	3,481	4,812	6,111	5,005	7,600
Rapeseed and mustard seed	762	1,347	1,976	2,002	5,200
Cottonseed	--	--	--	2,700	3,900
Sesame	445	318	568	446	810
Soybeans	--	--	--	442	2,400
Sunflower	--	--	--	66	889
Other oilseeds	470	505	604	1,242	1,001
Total oilseeds	5,158	6,982	9,259	11,903	21,800
Sugarcane	57,050	111,410	126,368	154,248	240,300
Cotton	600	1,004	809	1,326	1,666
Jute	595,000	744,000	882,000	1,170,000	1,404,000

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Finance, Economics Division, Economic Survey, 1991-92, 2: Sectoral Developments, New Delhi, 1992, S16; and United States, Embassy in New Delhi, India: Agriculture Situation, Annual Report, 1992, Washington, 1992, table 19.

Table 32. Area under High-Yielding Varieties, Selected Fiscal Years, 1950-90

Category	1960	1970	1980	1990
Area sown with high-yielding varieties (millions of hectares)	1.9	15.4	43.1	63.9
Seeds
Production, breeder seeds (millions of kilograms)	n.a.	n.a.	527	n.a.
Fertilizer consumption
Total (millions of tons)	0.3	2.2	5.5	12.6
Per hectare (units)	1.9	13.1	31.8	68.8
Cooperative credit (billions of rupees)	214.4	678.8	2,216.3	3,187.0
Area sown in rice (millions of hectares)	n.a.	5.6	18.2	28.1
Percentage of area sown in rice	n.a.	14.9	45.3	65.9
Area sown in wheat (millions of hectares)	n.a.	6.5	13.5	20.4
Percentage of area sown in wheat	n.a.	35.6	60.6	85.0
Area sown for coarse grains (millions of hectares)	n.a.	3.3	8.8	15.4
Percentage of area sown in coarse grains	n.a.	7.2	21.0	42.2

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Research and Reference Division, India 1993: A Reference Annual, New Delhi, January 1994, 392; and India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1991-92, 2: Sectoral Developments, New Delhi, 1992, S22.

Table 33. Lok Sabha Elections, 1952-91 (in numbers of seats and percentages of total votes)

Party	1952	1957	1962	1967	1971	1977	1980	1984	1989	1991
Congress (Congress (I) after 1978)	364 (45.0)	371 (47.8)	361 (46.0)	283 (40.7)	352 (43.7)	154 (34.5)	353 (42.7)	415 (48.1)	197 (39.5)	227 (37.6)
Communist Party of India	16 (3.3)	27 (8.9)	29 (10.0)	23 (5.2)	23 (4.7)	7 (2.8)	11 (2.6)	6 (2.7)	12 (2.6)	14 (2.5)
Jana Sangh	3 (3.1)	4 (5.9)	14 (6.4)	35 (9.4)	22 (7.4)	--	--	--	--	--
Republican Party	2 (2.4)	4 (1.5)	3 (2.8)	1 (2.5)	--	--	--	--	--	--
Hindu Mahasabha	4 (1.0)	1 (0.9)	1 (0.4)	--	--	--	--	--	--	--
Ram Rajya Parishad	3 (2.0)	0 (0.4)	2 (0.6)	--	--	--	--	--	--	--
Socialist Party	12 (10.6)	--	6 (2.5)	--	--	--	--	--	--	--
Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party	9 (5.8)	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--
Praja Socialist Party	--	19 (10.4)	12 (6.8)	13 (3.1)	2 (1. 0)	--	--	--	--	--
Swatantra	--	--	18 (6.8)	44 (8.7)	8 (3.1)	--	--	--	--	--
DMK	--	--	7 (2.0)	25 (3.9)	23 (3.8)	1 (1.7)	16 (2.1)	--	--	--
Communist Party of India (Marxist)	--	--	--	19 (4.2)	25 (5.1)	22 (4.3)	36 (6.1)	22 (5.7)	33 (6.5)	35 (6.7)

Samyukta Socialist Party	--	--	--	23 (4.9)	3 (2.4)	--	--	--	--	--
Congress (O)	--	--	--	--	16 (10.4)	--	--	--	--	--
Janata Party	--	--	--	--	--	298 (43.0)	31 (19.0)	10 (6.7)	--	--
AIDDMK	--	--	--	--	--	19 (3.0)	2 (2.4)	12 (1.6)	11 (1.5)	11 (2.3)
Congress (U)	--	--	--	--	--	--	13 (5.3)	--	--	--
Lok Dal (DMKP in 1984)	--	--	--	--	--	--	41 (9.4)	3 (5.6)	--	--
Congress (S)	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	5 (1.7)	--	--
AGP	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	7 (1.0)	--	--
BJP	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	2 (7.4)	85 (11.4)	119 (21.0)
Telegu Desam	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	30 (4.1)	2 (3.3)	13 (3.0)
Janata Dal	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	143 (17.8)	56 (11.6)
Samajwadi Janata Party	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	5 (3.5)


Shiv Sena	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	4 (0.8)
Other parties	35 (11.1)	29 (4.8)	14 (4.3)	19 (3.7)	30 (10.)	32 (5.2)	17 (4.0)	24 (7.3)	33 (12.2)	26 (6.3)
Independents	41 (15.8)	39 (19.4)	27 (12.3)	35 (13.8)	14 (8.4)	9 (5.5)	9 (6.4)	5 (8.1)	12 (5.2)	1 (4.7)
Electorate (in millions)	173.2	193.7	217.7	250.6	274.1	321.2	363.9	400.1	498.1	501.0
Turnout (in percentage)	45.7	47.7	55.4	61.3	55.3	60.5	57.0	64.1	61.9	51.1
Total seats authorized	489	494	494	520	518	542	542	542	543	537

Source: Based on information from Robert L. Hardgrave and Stanley A. Kochanek, India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation, Forth Worth, 1993, 314, 319-20, 347.

Table 34. Order of Battle for the Armed Forces, 1994

Branch and Units	Personnel or Unit
Army
Personnel	940,000
Regional commands	5
Corps	12
Armored divisions	2
Tank regiments	55
Mechanized divisions	1
Infantry divisions	22
Battalions	355
Mountain infantry divisions	10
Independent brigades	14
Airborne/commando	1
Armored	5
Artillery	3
Regiments	290
Infantry	7
Mountain	1
Surface-to-surface missile brigade	1
Air defense brigades	6
Engineer brigades	3
Army aviation
Air observation squadrons	8
Antitank/transport squadrons	6
Navy
Personnel
Line and staff	48,000
Naval air force	5,000
Marines	1,000
Total navy personnel	54,000
Commands	3
Fleets	2
Naval bases	9
Air Force
Personnel	110,000
Air commands	5
Reserve forces personnel
Territorial Army	36,456
National Cadet Corps	1,120,000
Civil Defence Volunteers	336,000
Home Guards	472,098
Total reserve forces personnel	1,964,554

Paramilitary forces personnel
Assam Rifles	40,000
Border Security Force	90,000
Coast Guard Organisation	3,173
Central Industrial Security Force	83,781
Central Reserve Police Force	90,000
Defence Security Force	30,000
Indo-Tibetan Border Police	14,000
Rashtriya Rifles	5,000
National Security Guards	83,781
Provincial Armed Constabulary	250,000
Railway Protection Force	70,000
Special Frontier Force	3,000
Total paramilitary forces personnel	762,735

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 153-56; and SP's Military Yearbook, 1993-94, ed., J. Baranwal, New Delhi, 1993, 291, 305, 319, 358, and 363.

Table 35. Major Army Equipment, 1994

Type and Description	Country of Origin	Number in Inventory
Armored vehicles
Tanks
Arjun MBT-90 main battle	India	--
Vijayanta main battle	-do-	1,200
T-55 main battle	-do-	800
T-72/M1 main battle	-do-	1,400
PT-76 light amphibious	-do-	100
Reconnaissance and personnel
BRDM-2 reconnaissance vehicles	-do-	n.a.
Ferret (IS) reconnaissance vehicles	Britain	n.a.
BMP-1, BMP-2 armored infantry fighting vehicles (Sarath)	India	900
OT-62, OT-64 armored personnel carriers	-do-	157
BTR-50, BTR-60, BTR-152 armored personnel carriers	-do-	100
FV432 armored personnel carriers	Britain	n.a.
Recovery
Vijayanta	India	n.a.
Artillery
Towed
75mm 75/24 mountain howitzers	India	900
76mm M-48 mountain guns	Yugoslavia	215
85mm D-48 antitank guns	Soviet Union	n.a.
25-pounder field guns	Britain	n.a.
100mm M-1944 towed howitzers	Soviet Union	185
105mm (including M-56 pack) howitzers	India, Italy	50
105mm IFG Mk I/Mk II howitzers	India	1,200
105mm light field guns	-do-	533
130mm M-46 towed howitzers	Soviet Union	550
5.5-inch medium howitzers	Britain	n.a.
155mm FH-77B howitzers	Sweden	410
180mm S-23 howitzers	Soviet Union	n.a.
Self-propelled
25-pounder howitzers	Britain	n.a.
105mm Abbott howitzers	India	80
155mm howitzers	n.a.	--
130mm M-46 Catapult howitzers	India	100
Multiple rocket launchers
122mm BM-21	-do-	80
122mm BM-24	-do-	n.a.

Mortars
81mm E-1	India	n.a.
120mm E-1	-do-	n.a.
120mm M-43	Soviet Union	1,000
120mm Brandt AM-50, E-1	Netherlands	500
160mm M-160	Soviet Union	200
Antitank and guided weapons
57mm M-18 recoilless rifles	Brazil	n.a.
84mm Carl Gustav recoilless rifles	Sweden	n.a.
106mm M-40A1 recoilless rifles	United States	1,000
MILAN	India	n.a.
Nag	-do-	n.a.
AT-3 Sagger	Soviet Union	n.a.
AT-4 Spigot	-do-	n.a.
AT-5 Spandrel	-do-	n.a.
ENTAC	France	n.a.
Mines, antipersonnel
M14	India	n.a.
M16A	-do-	n.a.
Mines, antitank
M1A	-do-	n.a.
M3A	-do-	n.a.
Antiaircraft weapons
20mm Oerlikon, towed	Switzerland	n.a.
23mm ZU 32/2 air defense guns	Soviet Union	140
23mm ZSU 23 air defense guns	-do-	n.a.
23mm ZSU 23/4 self-propelled air defense guns	-do-	75
30mm 2S6 self-propelled air defense guns	-do-	8
40mm L40/60 air defense guns	Sweden	1,245
40mm L40/70 automatic guns	-do-	1,000
Surface-to-air missiles
SA-2 Guideline	Soviet Union	n.a.
SA-3 Goa	-do-	n.a.
SA-6 Gainful	-do-	100
SA-7 Grail	-do-	620
SA-8A and SA-8B Gecko	-do-	48
SA-9 Gaskin	-do-	200
SA-11 Gadfly	-do-	50
SA-13 Gopher	-do-	45
SA-16	-do-	200
Trishul	India	n.a.5

Agni	-do-	n.a.5
Akash	-do-	n.a.5
Surface-to-surface missiles
Prithvi	-do-	15
Helicopters
Cheetah SA-315	India	40
Chetak SA-319	-do-	50
HAL advanced light helicopter	-do-	1

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 154; Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 389-90; Jane's Armour and Artillery, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 61-63, 154, 351-52, 543, 614-15, 692, 773; and Jane's Military Vehicles and Logistics, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 34, 199-200.

Table 36. Major Naval Equipment, 1994

Type and Description	Country of Origin	Number in Inventory
Navy Ships
Submarines
Sindhugosh class (Soviet Kilo (Type 877EM) class)	Soviet Union	8
Kursura class (Soviet Foxtrot (Type 641) class)	-do-	6
Shishumar class (German 209 class, Type HDW 1500)	Germany, India	4
Carriers
INS Viraat (Hermes class) with 12 Sea Harriers FRS Mk 51, 7 Sea Kings, Mk 42B/C, 1 Ka-27 helicopter	Britain	1
INS Vikrant (Majestic class) with 6 Sea Harriers FRS Mk 51, 9 Sea Kings Mk 42, 1 Chetak SAR	-do-	1
Destroyers
Rajput class (Soviet Kashin II class) with Goa surface-to-air missiles, Styx surface-to-surface missiles, 533mm torpedo tubes, antisubmarine rocket launchers, and Ka-28 helicopter	Soviet Union	5
Delhi class with SS-N-22 Sunburn and SA-N-7 missiles; 324mm torpedo tubes; 2 Sea King Mk42B or HAL advanced light helicopters	India	2
Frigates
Godavari class with Sea King helicopters, antisubmarine torpedo tubes, and Styx surface-to- surface missiles	-do-	3
Nilgiri class (British Leander class) with antisubmarine torpedo tubes, Limbo antisubmarine warfare mortars, Chetak and Sea King helicopters, antisubmarine warfare rocket launchers, and 114mm guns	-do-	6
Kamorta class (Soviet Petya II class) with antisubmarine rocket launchers, 533mm torpedo tubes, and minelaying capabilities	Soviet Union	5
Corvettes
Khukri class (antisubmarine warfare) with Styx surface-to-surface missiles and helicopter deck	India	5
Durg class (Soviet Nanuchka II class) with Styx surface-to-surface missiles	Soviet Union	3
Veer class (Soviet Tarantul I class) with Styx surface-to-surface missiles	Soviet Union, India	9
Abhay class (Soviet Pauk II class) with antisubmarine torpedo tubes and antisubmarine mortars	-do-	4
Patrol forces ships
Vidyut class (Soviet Osa II class) with Styx surface-to-surface missiles	Soviet Union	8
Sukanya patrol ship, offshore with 1 Oerlikon 20mm gun, 1 Chetak helicopter	South Korea, India	8
SDB Mk 2 patrol ship, inshore	India	5
SDB Mk 3 patrol ship, inshore	-do-	7
Mine warfare and countermeasure ships
Pondicherry minesweeper, ocean (Soviet Natya I class) with minelaying capabilities	Soviet Union	12
Mahé minesweeper, inshore (Soviet Yevgenya class)	-do-	6
Bulsar minesweeper, inshore (British Ham class)	Britain, India	4
Amphibious ships
Magar class landing ship, tank, 200 troops, 12 tanks, 1 helicopter	India	2
Vasco da Gama class (Mk 3) landing ship, utility, 287 troops	-do-	7
Ghorpad class landing ship, medium (Soviet Polnocny C and D), 140 troops, 6 tanks	Soviet Union	8
Naval Air Force
Attack aircraft
Sea Harrier FRS Mk 51	Britain	23
HAL Jaguar (Shamsher)	India	8
Antisubmarine helicopters
Chetak	-do-	26
HAL advanced light helicopter	-do-	1
Ka-25 Hormone	Soviet Union	7
Ka-28 Helix	-do-	10
Sea King Mk 4	Britain	12
Sea King Mk 4A/4B	-do-	32
Marine reconnaissance and antisubmarine warfare aircraft
PBN-2B Defender (utility)	-do-	13
Il-38 May	Soviet Union	5
Tu-142M Bear F	-do-	10
HAL Dornier-228-201	India	10
Communications aircraft
BN-2 Islander	Britain	5
HAL Dornier-228	India	2
Chetak helicopters	-do-	3
Search and rescue helicopters
Sea King Mk 42C	Britain	6
Training aircraft
Sea Harrier T-Mk 60 (training)	-do-	3
Kiran HJT-16	India	6
Deepak HPT-32	-do-	8
Training helicopters
Chetak	-do-	2
MD Hughes 300	United States	4
Missiles
Air-to-air
R-550 Magic I and II	France	45
Antisubmarine
Sea Eagle	Britain	n.a.
Sea Skua	-do-	n.a.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 154-55; Jane's Fighting Ships, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 279-93; and Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 119, 121-23.

Table 37. Major Air Force Equipment, 1994

Type and Description	Country of Origin	Number in Inventory
Fighters, ground-attack
MiG-21MF/PFMA	Soviet Union	144
MiG-23 BN/UM	-do-	54
Shamsher (Jaguar)	Britain, India	89
Babhadur (MiG-27)	India	120
Fighters
HAL light combat aircraft	-do-	n.a.
MiG-21 FL/U	Soviet Union	74
MiG-21 bis/U	-do-	170
MiG-23 MF/UM	-do-	26
MiG-29 UB	-do-	59
Mirage 2000H/TH	France	35
Electric countermeasures
Canberra B(I) 58	Britain	5
Airborne surveillance warning and control system (ASWACS)
HS-758	India	4
Maritime attack
Jaguar with Sea Eagle	Britain	8
Helicopters, attack
Mi-25	Soviet Union	18
Mi-35	-do-	18
HAL advanced light helicopter	India	1
Reconnaissance aircraft
Canberra PR-57	Britain	6
Camberra PR-67	-do-	2
Andover HS-728	-do-	4
MiG-23R	Soviet Union	6
MiG-23U	-do-	2
Maritime reconnaissance/survey aircraft
Gulfstream IV SRA	United States	2
Learjet 29	-do-	2
Transport aircraft
An-32 Sutlej	Soviet Union	105
Il-76 Gajraj	-do-	24
BAe-748	Britain	33
Dornier-228	Germany	30
Transport helicopters
Mi-8	Soviet Union	80
Mi-17	-do-	50
Mi-26	-do-	10

VIP aircraft
Boeing 707-337C	United States	2
Boeing 737	-do-	3
BAe-748	Britain	7
Liaison aircraft
BAe-748	-do-	16
Training aircraft
BAe-748	-do-	28
Hunter F-56	-do-	20
Hunter T-66	-do-	18
Canberra T-54	-do-	2
Canberra TT-18	-do-	5
Jaguar IB	France, Britain	15
Kiran I	India	120
Kiran II	-do-	56
Deepak HPT-32	-do-	88
HT-2	-do-	60
HTT-35	-do-	n.a.
MiG-29 UB	Soviet Union	5
Iskara TS-11 ac	Poland	44
Training helicopters
Chetak	India	20
Mi-24	Soviet Union	2
Mi-35	-do-	2
Missiles
Air-to-surface
Akash	India	n.a.
AM-39 Exocet	France	n.a.
AS-7 Kerry	Soviet Union	n.a.
AS-10 Karen	-do-	n.a.
AS-11B	France	n.a.
AS-30	-do-	n.a.
FAB-500	Soviet Union	n.a.
FAB-750	-do-	n.a.
FAB-1000	-do-	n.a.
Sea Eagle	Britain	n.a.
Air-to-air
AA-2 Atoll	Soviet Union	n.a.
AA-7 Apex	-do-	n.a.
AA-8 Aphid	-do-	n.a.
AA-10 Alamo	-do-	n.a.
AA-11 Archer	-do-	n.a.

R-550 Magic	France	n.a.
Super 530D	-do-	n.a.
Surface-to-air
Divina V75SM/VK (SA-2, SA-3, and SA-5)	Soviet Union	280

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 155; Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 117, 119-21, 123; and Jane's Radar and Electronic Warfare Systems, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 242.

Table 38. Major Coast Guard Equipment, 1994

Type and Description	Country of Origin	Number in Inventory
Patrol forces
Offshore
Samar	India	3
Vikram (Type P-957)	-do-	9
Inshore
Jija Bai (Type 956)	-do-	7
Raj (SDB Mk 2)	-do-	5
32-ton patrol craft	South Korea	8
Jija Bai (Mod 1)	Singapore, India	11
49-ton patrol craft	India	7
Aircraft
HAL Dornier-228 maritime surveillance	Germany, India	11
Chetak helicopter	India	9
F-27 maritime	Netherlands	2

Source: Based on information from Kailish Kohli, "Aviation in Indian Coast Guard," Sainik Samachar [New Delhi], 41, No. 5, January 30, 1994, 11; Jane's Fighting Ships, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 294-95; and Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 123.

1. The 1981 census was not conducted in Assam. The population figures for 1981 for Assam have been calculated by interpolation by Indian census officials.

2. The 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. The population figures for 1991 for Jammu and Kashmir were projected by the Standing Committee of Experts on Population Projections in October 1989. They do not include the population of areas controlled by Pakistan and China.

3. Numbers may not add to totals because of rounding.

4. Data before 1951 include population of prepartition India, which included areas that later became Pakistan and Bangladesh.

5. Projected by United States Bureau of the Census.

6. Figures for 1981 and 1991 exclude Assam and Jammu and Kashmir.

7. Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

8. Greater Bombay. The population of the Bombay Municipal Corporation was 9,910,000.

9. Figures for primary health centers relate to a fiscal year--see Glossary.

10. Includes beds in dispensaries and other nonhospital health care facilities.

11. n.a.--not available.

12. n.a.--not available.

13. n.a.--not available.

14. Data for middle and high school combined for 1970-71.

15. Data for middle and high school combined for 1986-87.

16. Provisional.

17. n.a.--not available.

18. Sixty-three "other religions" were listed, including animists (1,458), atheists (1,782), Jews (5,271), non-Christians (9,615), pagans (1,711), Zoroastrians (76,382), and unclassified (212,652).

19. Total tabulated for religious affiliations is different from total tabulated for total national population. (846,302,688), which includes a projected figure for Jammu and Kashmir where the census was not taken in 1991.

20. n.a.--not applicable.

21. Starts on March 21 in leap year.

22. Fixed date on Gregorian calendar.

23. GNP--gross national product (see Glossary).

24. Provisional.

25. Including administrative departments and departmental enterprises, excluding railroads and telecommunications.

26. For value of the rupee--see Glossary.

27. As published.

28. GNP--gross national product (see Glossary).

29. For value of the rupee--see Glossary.

30. Including reexports.

31. Figures may not add to balances because of rounding.

32. Provisional figures.

33. Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

34. Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

35. European Community.

36. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

37. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.

38. Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

39. European Union, the successor to the European Community as of November 1, 1993.

40. Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

41. Provisional data.

42. "Quick estimates."

43. Free on board.

44. Cargo, insurance, and freight.

45. Includes nonfactor services, investment income, private transfers, and grants.

46. Includes India Development Bonds.

47. Includes delayed export receipts, errors and omissions, and, for FY 1992, errors and omissions arising out of dual exchange rates.

48. International Monetary Fund--see Glossary.

49. Minus means increase, plus means decrease.

50. GDP--see Glossary.

51. For value of the rupee--see Glossary.

52. Provisional figures.

53. Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

54. For value of the rupee--see Glossary.

55. Preliminary.

56. n.a.--not available.

57. --means negligible.

58. n.a.--not available.

59. Gross area harvested divided by net area harvested.

60. Gross irrigated area divided by gross harvested area.

61. Preliminary.

62. n.a.--not available.

63. Numbers in this row represent weighted averages rather than totals.

64. Preliminary.

65. --means negligible.

66. Preliminary.

67. n.a.--not available.

68. --means did not participate in election.

69. DMK--Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Dravidian Progressive Federation).

70. AIADMK--All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (All-India Anna Dravidian Progressive Federation).

71. DMKP--Dalit Mazdoor Kisan Party (Oppressed Workers' and Peasants' Party).

72. AGP--Asom Gana Parishad (Assam People's Party).

73. BJP--Bharatiya Janata Party (Indian People's Party).

74. The number of seats won by political parties may not add to total seats authorized; because of unsettled conditions, elections may not be held in all constituencies, thus occasionally leaving some seats vacant.