Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Estimated Population by Province, 1992

Province	Population
Attapu	83,000
Bokeo¹	104,000
Bolikhamxai	151,000
Champasak	477,000
Houaphan	232,000
Khammouan	258,000
Louang Namtha	125,000
Louangphrabang	355,000
Oudomxai¹	188,000
Phongsali	149,000
Saravan	237,000
Savannakhet	673,000
Xaignabouri	195,000
Xekong	59,000
Xiangkhoang	191,000
Vientiane	321,000
Vientiane Municipality	489,000
Special zone²	73,000
TOTAL	4,360,000

¹ The populations of Bokeo and Oudomxai provinces have been adjusted to reflect the redistricting of Paktha and Pha Oudom districts from Oudomxai Province to Bokeo Province in 1992.
² The special zone consists of Hongsa and Xianghon districts, formerly of Xaignabouri Province.

Source: Based on information from Laos, State Statistical Centre, Committee for Planning and Cooperation, Basic Statistics about the Socio-economic Development in the Lao P.D.R, Vientiane, 1993, 26.

Table 3. Population by Ethnic Group, 1985

Ethnic Group	Population
Supgroup
Lao Loum
Lao	1,804,101
Phu Thai	441,497
Lue	102,760
Total Lao Loum	2,348,358
Lao
Kammu	389,694
Katang	72,391
Makong	70,382
Suai	49,049
Nyuan	33,240
Loven	28,057
Ta-oi	24,577
Taliang	23,665
Chali	20,902
Phong	18,165
Lavae	16,434
Katu	14,676
Lamet	14,355
Htin	13,977
Alak	13,217
Pako	12,293
Oi	11,194
Ngae	8,917
Chaeng	4,540
Nyaheun	3,960
Yang	3,447
Yae	3,376
Saek	2,459
Sam Tao	2,359
Sing Mun	2,164
Tum	2,042
Mon	2,022
Bit	1,530
Sila	1,518
Nguan	988
Lolo	842
Hayi	727
Lawi	584
Sedang	520
Khmer	169
Kri	110
Numbri	67
Total Lao Theung	868,609
Lao Sung
Hmong	231,168
Akha	57,500
Phu Noi	23,618
Mien (Yao)	18,091
Lahu	9,200
Kui	6,493
Ho	6,361
Total Lao Sung	352,431
Other
Vietnamese	12,086
Chinese	2,624
Thai	1,459
Cambodian	274
Burmese	185
Indian	44
French	13
Total Other	16,685
TOTAL	3,586,083

Source: Based on information from Laos, National Committee of Plan, Population Census of 1985, Vientiane, 1986.

Table 4. Production of Major Crops, Selected Years, 1980- 90

**(in thousands of tons)**
Crop	1980	1985	1987	1989	1990¹
Cardamom	n.a.	n.a.	0.4	1.7	2.7
Coffee²	4.4	6.1	7.0	5.4	5.3
Corn	28.4	33.3	35.7	43.8	81.9
Cotton	4.9	2.9	4.0	4.4	5.0
Fruit	15.2	48.0	32.2	53.0	55.0
Mung beans	1.6	1.5	1.9	3.1	3.2
Peanuts	7.9	5.2	5.8	5.9	8.0
Rice	1,053.1	1,395.2	1,232.5	1,404.0	1,508.4
Soybeans	3.3	2.1	3.4	4.9	4.5
Sugarcane	24.1	73.0	81.8	126.0	111.9
Sweet potatoes	80.3	85.4	103.5	159.2	162.8
Tobacco³	16.6	15.7	22.7	33.5	58.4
Vegetables	42.6	39.4	40.6	65.7	60.7

n.a.--not available.
¹ Estimated.
² In dried beans.
³ In green leaves.

Source: Based on information from Environment, Natural Resources, and the Future Development of Laos and Vietnam: Papers from a Seminar, Fairfax, Virginia, 1991, 32.

Table 5. Yields of Major Crops, Selected Years, 1980-90

**(in tons per hectare)**
Crop	1980	1985	1987	1989	1990¹
Cardamom	n.a.	n.a.	0.21	0.30	0.26
Coffee²	0.68	0.49	0.48	0.34	0.31
Corn	1.00	1.24	1.44	1.44	1.70
Cotton	0.70	0.56	0.71	0.61	0.72
Fruit	6.06	6.15	10.49	10.60	10.00
Mung beans	0.56	0.62	0.65	0.63	0.70
Peanuts	0.74	0.78	1.23	0.97	0.95
Rice	1.44	2.10	2.16	2.32	2 .30
Soybeans	0.69	0.67	0.60	0.81	0.81
Sugarcane	26.73	27.66	27.73	32.93	27.83
Sweet potatoes	8.80	8.37	7.05	5.81	9.32
Tobacco³	4.16	4.30	4.11	4.14	4.86
Vegetables	8.14	5.70	6.79	8.54	7.70

n.a.--not available.
¹ Estimated.
² In dried beans.
³ In green leaves.

Source: Based on information from Environment, Natural Resources, and the Future Development of Laos and Vietnam: Papers from a Seminar, Fairfax, Virginia, 1991, 32.

Table 6. Industrial Production, Selected Years, 1980-90

	1980	1983	1985	1987	1989	1990
Wood products (in thousands of cubic meters)
Timber	54.5	n.a.	141.5	365.0	291.9	309.4
Lumber	11.2	n.a.	41.7	55.0	114.0	78.4
Veneer	n.a.	n.a.	143.0	668.0	1,069.0	1,660.0
Cigarettes (in millions)	1,100	1,100	1,125	1,200	n.a.	n.a.
Metal products (in tons)	489.2	472.4	138.7	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Tin plate (in thousands of sheets)	981	820	664	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Food (in tons)	1,037	742^*	1,255	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Beverages (in thousands of hectoliters)	21.9	22.8	19.6	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Clothing (in thousands of pieces)	260	363	440	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Hydroelectricity (in millions of kilowatt-hours)	930	1,030	1,000	1,050	1,095	n.a.
Mining and quarrying
Tin (in tons)	400	362	520	450	n.a.	n.a.
Gypsum (in thousands of tons)	30	70	100	70	n.a.	n.a.
Salt (in tons)	n.a.	6.5	9.1	12.8	n.a.	n.a.
Coal (in tons)	n.a.	750	1,000	1,550	n.a.	n.a.

n.a.--not available.
^* Excludes fish.

Source: Based on information from Edu H. Hassing, "Potential for Private Sector Investments in the Industrial and Mining Sector," in Asian Development Bank and The Thai-Canada Economic Co-operation Foundation, Thai-Lao Forum on Investment and Trade Opportunities in Lao PDR, 3-4 October 1991, Bangkok, Thailand, Bangkok, 1991.

Table 7. Value of Major Manufactures, Selected Years, 1980- 90

(in millions of kip)*
	1980	1986	1988	1990
Wood products (except furniture)	3,246	6,253	8,830	14,692
Tobacco products	2,746	3,224	1,082	5,417
Metal products	2,701	3,965	1,298	4,200
Food and beverages	1,229	2,193	2,117	3,626
Clothing	833	461	1,662	2,468

* For value of the kip--see Glossary.

Table 8. Government Budget, Selected Years, 1980-90

(in millions of kip)*
	1980	1982	1984	1986	1988	1990
Revenues
Taxes	98	775	1,669	1,755	21,474	44,270
Nontax revenues	650	1,980	3,278	16,748	7,057	13,975
Total revenues	748	2,755	4,947	18,503	28,531	58,245
Expenditures
Current	1,028	2,259	4,126	14,803	28,038	65,877
Capital	749	3,216	4,258	11,732	47,006	66,080
Total expenditures	1,777	5,475	8,384	26,535	75,044	131,957
BALANCE	-1,029	- 2,720	-3,437	-8,032	-46,513	-73,712

* For value of the kip--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Indochina: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, 1991- 92, London, 1991, 54; and United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, 1991, Bangkok, 1991, 214.

Table 9. Balance of Payments, Selected Years, 1985-91

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
	1985	1987	1989	1991
Exports	74.9	90.5	93.4	109.2
Imports	-219.3	- 233.8	-233.9	- 249.5
Trade balance	-144.4	-143.3	-140.5	- 140.3
Official transfers and grants (net)	50.6	29.1	25.0	88.5
Current account balance	-93.8	-114.2	-115.5	- 51.8
Long-term capital (net)	47.7	56.4	42.8	24.1
Other	50.2	55.0	83.2	17.5
Capital account balance	97.9	111.4	126.0	41.6
Errors and omissions	19.3	-5.3	1.6	- 6.7
Balance of payments	23.4	-8.1	12.1	- 16.9
Foreign exchange reserves (excluding gold)	25.3	20.6	16.1	n.a.

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from World Bank, World Tables, 1992, Baltimore, 1992, 371; and International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook, 1992, Pt. 1, 43, Washington, 1992, 405.

Table 10. Major Exports, 1985, 1987, and 1989

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
Commodity	1985	1987	1989
Hydroelectricity	26	12	15
Timber and wood products	11	33	21
Coffee	9	9	9
Tin concentrates	1	2	2
Gypsum	1	2	n.a.
Other^*	6	6	n.a.
TOTAL	54	64	47

n.a.--not available.
^* Includes gemstones, gold, and clothing.

Source: Based on information from The Asia and Pacific Review, 1991-1992: The Economic and Business Report, Saffron, Walden, United Kingdom, 1991, 106; Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Indochina: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia [London], No. 1, 1992, 5; and Edu H. Hassing, "Potential for Private Sector Investments in the Industrial and Mining Sector," in Asian Development Bank and The Thai-Canada Economic Co-operation Foundation, Thai-Lao Forum on Investment and Trade Opportunities in Lao PDR, 3-4 October 1991, Bangkok, Thailand, Bangkok, 1991.

Table 11. Balance of Trade in Convertible and Nonconvertible Currencies, Selected Years, 1982-91

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
	1982	1985	1988	1991
Merchandise exports
Convertible currencies	n.a.	34.6	36.8	75.5
Nonconvertible currencies	n.a.	19.0	21.0	2.4
Total merchandise exports	40.0	53.6	57.8	77.9
Merchandise imports
Convertible currencies	n.a.	77.6	90.4	188.6
Nonconvertible currencies	n.a.	115.6	97.6	4.2
Total merchandise imports	132.2	193.2	188.0	192.8
Balance of trade	-92.2	-139.6	-130.2	- 114.9
Percentage of imports financed by exports	20.3	27.7	30.7	40.4

n.a.--not available.

Table 12. Foreign Aid Statistics, Selected Years, 1984-91

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
	1984	1985	1988	1990	1991
Long-term loans
Drawings on loans received
Convertible currencies	10.1	12.1	23.7	49.2	34.5
Nonconvertible currencies	30.2	50.0	44.2	2.6	0.0
Total drawings on loans received	40.3	62.1	67.9	51.8	34.5
Remaining balance on loans received	10.9	-31.8	43.5	n.a.	n.a.
Total long-term loans	51.2	30.3	111.4	n.a.	n.a.
Grants
Convertible currencies	26.7	45.4	21.0	22.6	63.9
Nonconvertible currencies	15.4	4.2	4.5	0.8	5.3
Total grants	41.2	49.6	25.5	23.4	69.2
TOTAL	92.4	79.9	136.9	n.a.	n.a.

n.a.--not available.

Table 13. External Debt, Selected Years, 1985-91

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
	1985	1987	1989	1991
External debt
Convertible currency	135.0	190.0	252.0	n.a.
Comecon¹	342.0	536.0	695.0	n.a.
Total external debt²	476.0	726.0	947.0	n.a.
Debt service
Convertible currency	5.0	11.0	12.0	n.a.
Other	4.0	2.0	1.0	n.a.
Total debt service	9.0	13.0	13.0	n.a.
Debt service as a percentage of exports	12.0	14.4	13.9	n.a.

n.a.--not available.
¹ Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Dissolved January 1991.
² Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Paul Marer et al., Historically Planned Economies, Washington, 1992, 171.

Table 14. Armed Forces Personnel, Selected Years, 1974-93

Year	Army	Navy	Air Force
1974¹	60,000	500	2,300
1976²	40,000	500	2,000
1980	46,000	550	2,000
1982	46,000	1,700	1,000
1984	50,000	1,700	2,000
1986	50,000	1,000	2,000
1988	52,500	1,000	2,000
1990	52,500	600³	2,000
1991	50,000	600³	2,000
1992	33,000	500³	3,500
1993	33,000	500³	3,500

¹ Royal Armed Forces; 35,000 Pathet Lao troops, including dissident Neutralists.
² Royal Armed Forces disbanded; figures for Lao People's Army.
³ Estimated.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance (annuals 1974-1975 through 1993-1994), London, 1974-93.

Table 15. Major Equipment of the Armed Forces, 1994

Type and Description	In Inventory
Ground forces
Tanks
Main battle tanks: T-54/-55, T-34/85	30
Light tanks: PT-76	25
Armored personnel carriers: BTR-40/-60/-152	70
Artillery
75mm (towed): M-116 pack	--- ¹
105mm (towed): M-101	25
122mm (towed): M-1938 and D-30	40
130mm (towed): M-46	10
155mm (towed): M-114	--- ¹
Mortars
81mm	---¹
82mm	---¹
107mm: M-2A1 and M-1938	--- ¹
120mm: M-43	---¹
Recoilless guns
57mm: M-18/A1	---¹
75mm: M-20	---¹
106mm: M-40	---¹
107mm: B-11	---¹
Air defense guns
14.5mm: ZPU-1/-4	--- ¹
23mm: ZU-23 and ZSU-23-4 SP	--- ¹
37mm: M-1939	---¹
57mm: S-60	---¹
Surface-to-air missiles: SA-3, SA-7	--- ¹
Naval forces
Patrol craft
PCI	12²
LCM	4
Boats	40-50
Air forces
Fighters, ground attack
MiG-21	29
Transports
An-24	5
An-26	2
Yak-40	2
Helicopters³
Mi-6	2
Mi-8	10
Trainers
MiG-21U	2⁴
Air-to-air missiles
AA-2 Atoll	---¹

¹ Numbers not reported.
² Reported as ""some.""
³ No armed helicopters.
⁴ The Asian Defence Journal reports four MiG- 21Us. The International Institute for Strategic Studies counts these training craft as combat capable.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994- 1995, London, 1994, 181-82; and Asian Defence Journal [Kuala Lumpur], January 1993, 108.

Table 16. Military Expenditures Compared with the Gross National Product, Selected Years, 1974-93

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
Year	Military Expenditures	GNP
1974	27.0	n.a.
1977	42.0	256
1978	29.0	260¹
1979	37.9	n.a.
1980	21.0	400
1982-88	n.a.²	n.a.
1989	18.9¹	n.a.
1992	102.2³	n.a.
1993	104.9³	n.a.

n.a.--not available.
¹ Estimated.
² Military assistance estimated at US$125 million in 1983.
³ Includes public security budget.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance (annuals 1974-1975 through 1993-1994), London, 1974-93.

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Comments: lcweb@loc.gov(02/06/97)