LIBYA - A Country Study

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• LIBYA
• Foreword
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• PREFACE
• COUNTRY PROFILE
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• INTRODUCTION
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • EARLY HISTORY
    • Tripolitania and the Phoenicians
    • Cyrenaica and the Greeks
    • Fezzan and the Garamentes
    • Libya and the Romans
  • ISLAM AND THE ARABS
    • Fatimids
    • Hilalians
    • Hafsids
    • Medieval Cyrenaica and Fezzan
  • OTTOMAN REGENCY
    • Pashas and Deys
    • Karamanlis
    • The Ottoman Revival
    • The Sanusi Order
  • ITALIAN COLONIALISM
    • Italian Rule and Arab Resistance
    • The Second Italo-Sanusi War
    • The Fourth Shore
  • WORLD WAR II AND INDEPENDENCE
    • The Desert War
    • Allied Administration
    • The United Nations and Libya
  • INDEPENDENT LIBYA
    • The September 1969 Coup
    • Qadhafi and the Revolutionary Command Council
    • The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
    • Petroleum Politics
    • Libya and Arab Unity
    • Libyan Ventures in Sub-Saharan Africa
    • Relations with the United States and Western Europe
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • GEOGRAPHY
    • Regions
    • Climate and Hydrology
  • POPULATION
  • ETHNIC GROUPS AND LANGUAGES
    • Peoples of Libya
      • Arabs
      • Berbers
      • Tuareg
      • Black Africans
      • Other Peoples
    • Languages of Libya
  • STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY
    • Evolutionary Changes in a Traditional Society
    • The Revolution and Social Change
  • THE FAMILY, THE INDIVIDUAL, AND THE SEXES
    • Family and Household
    • The Traditional View of Men and Women
    • The New Society of the Revolutionary Era
  • RELIGIOUS LIFE
    • Tenets of Islam
    • Saints and Brotherhoods
    • The Sanusis
    • Islam in Revolutionary Libya
  • HEALTH AND WELFARE
    • Social Welfare
    • Medical Care
    • Housing
  • EDUCATION
    • Primary and Secondary Education
    • Higher Education
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
  • ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT
  • INDUSTRY
    • Hydrocarbons and Mining
    • Manufacturing and Construction
    • Energy
  • AGRICULTURE
    • Land Use and Irrigation
    • Crops and Livestock
    • Fishing and Forestry
  • INCOME AND WEALTH
  • PUBLIC FINANCE AND BANKING
    • Budget, Expenditures, and Revenues
    • Balance of Payments
    • Foreign Aid and Investment
    • Banking, Credit, and Currency
  • FOREIGN TRADE
  • DOMESTIC TRADE AND TOURISM
  • TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
    • Transportation
      • Telecommunications
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • INTERNAL POLITICS
    • National Executive and Legislative Evolution
      • The Revolutionary Command Council (RCC)
    • The General People's Congress
    • Subnational Government and Administration
      • The Arab Socialist Union
      • The Cultural Revolution and People's Committees
      • The Basic People's Congress
      • The Revolutionary Committees
    • Summary and Trends in 1987
  • LAW AND THE JUDICIARY
    • Court Structure
    • Other Juridical Organs
      • The People's Court
      • The Revolutionary Courts
    • Unions and Syndicates
  • OPPOSITION TO QADHAFI
    • Student Opposition
    • Military Opposition
    • Religious Opposition
    • Exiled Opposition
  • POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
    • Third Universal Theory
    • The Cultural Revolution
    • The Green Book
      • The Green Book, Part I
      • The Green Book, Part II
      • The Green Book, Part III
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
    • Arab Relations
    • Mediterranean Relations
    • Maghrib Relations
    • Relations with Sub-Saharan Africa
      • Sudan
      • Chad
    • Relations with Western Europe and the United States
      • France
      • Italy
      • Britain
      • United States
    • Relations with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
    • Multilateral Relations
      • The United Nations
      • The Organization of African Unity
      • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
      • Other Multilateral Organizations
    • Nuclear Development
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • ORIGINS OF THE MODERN ARMED FORCES
  • THE MILITARY LEADERSHIP
  • INTERNATIONAL MILITARY CONCERNS AND OBJECTIVES
    • Libyan Security Concerns
    • Performance in Combat
      • Invasion of Chad
      • Encounters with the United States
  • THE ARMED FORCES
    • Organization of the Armed Forces
      • The Army
      • The Navy
      • The Air Force
    • Conscription and the People's Militia
    • Women in the Armed Forces
    • Other Paramilitary Forces
    • Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia of the Armed Forces
    • Defense Costs
  • FOREIGN MILITARY ASSISTANCE
    • The Quest for New Sources of Arms: 1970-
    • Military Cooperation with the Soviet Union
    • Western Restrictions on Arms Transactions
    • The Search for Nuclear Technology
  • ARMS PRODUCTION AND MILITARY COOPERATION
  • INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM AND SUPPORT FOR INSURGENT GROUPS
  • PUBLIC ORDER AND INTERNAL SECURITY
    • The Police System
    • Incidence of Crime
    • Criminal Justice System
    • State of Internal Security
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary