Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Population Statistics, Selected Years, 1918-89

Year	Estimated Population	Crude Birth Rate	Crude Death Rate	Rate of Natural Increase
		(per thousand)	(per thousand)	(per thousand)
1918	647,000	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
1925	651,700	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
1935	738,200	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
1940	738,600	26.1	21.8	4.3
1945	759,300	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
1956	845,500	32.3	14.2	18.1
1960	936,900	43.2	10.5	32.7
1965	1,076,000	38.0	12.0	26.0
1970	1,230,500	40.2	12.3	27.9
1975	1,424,400	39.4	10.0	29.4
1979	1,595,000	37.2	9.5	27.7
1980	1,639,700	37.9	10.4	27.5
1985	1,890,500	36.0	9.2	26.8
1989*	2,125,000	35.1	7.6	27.5

n.a.--not available.
*Projected.

Source: Based on information from Mongolia, Central Statistical Board, National Economy of the MPR for 65 Years, 1921- 1986, Ulaanbaatar, 1986, 79-80; United States, Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Center for International Research, World Population Profile, 1987, Washington, 1987, 292; and K.C. Zachariah and My T. Vu, World Population Projections: 1978-88 Edition, Baltimore, 1988, 282.

Table 3. Ethnic Composition, 1979 Census

Ethnic Group	Estimated Population	Percentage of Population
	(in thousands)
Khalkha	1,236	77.5
Kazakh	84	5.3
Dorbet	45	2.8
Bayat	31	1.9
Buryat	29	1.8
Dariganga	24	1.5
Dzakchin	20	1.3
Urianhay	19	1.2
Torgut	9	0.6
Other	88	5.5
TOTAL	1,594	100.0

Source: Based on information from Mongolia, Central Statistical Board, National Economy of the MPR in 1981, Ulaanbaatar, 1982, translated in JPRS-MON-86-001, January 27, 1986, 13.

Table 4. Urban-Rural Breakdown by Family Size, 1979 Census

**(Numbers in thousands)**
	Urban		Rural		To tal
Family Size	Number	Percentage	Number	Per centage	Number	Percentage
1-3	24.6	17.0	39.8	23.9	64.4	20.7
3-4	42.2	29.3	46.7	28.0	88.9	28.6
5-6	36.7	25.4	34.4	20.7	71.1	22.8
7-8	24.8	17.2	25.2	15.1	50.0	16.1
9 and over	16.1	11.1	20.5	12.3	36.6	11.8
TOTAL	144.4	100.0	166.6	100.0	311.0	100.0

Source: Based on information from Mongolia, Central Statistical Board, National Economy of the MPR in 1981, Ulaanbaatar, 1982, translated in JPRS-MON-86-001, January 27, 1986, 22.

Table 5. Females in the Work Force by Sector, 1979 Census

	Female Employees	Females in Sector
Sector	as Percentage	as Percentage of
	of Sector	Employed Females
Material production Agriculture	46.8	34.9
Communications	46.9	0.9
Construction	35.0	6.7
Industry	45.9	14.5
Trade and procurement	57.8	8.9
Transportation	14.7	2.8
Total material production	42.51	69.02
Nonmaterial production
Education, art, and culture	62.6	11.5
Finance, credit, and insurance	59.3	0.6
Housing and domestic services	54.9	3.1
Public health and social security	78.8	9.4
Science and scientific service	41.3	1.4
Total nonmaterial production	54.61	31.03
TOTAL	45.61	100.0

1Average.
2Figures do not add to total because of rounding.
3As published.

Source: Based on information from Mongolia, Central Statistical Board, National Economy of the MPR for 65 Years, 1921-1986, Ulaanbaatar, 1986, 144-47.

Table 6. Education Statistics, 1970, 1980, and 1985

	1970	1980	1985
Schools
Institutions of higher learning	5	7	8
Vocational secondary	28	37	40
Specialized secondary	19	25	28
Primary and junior secondary	761	885	911
Total schools	813	954	987
Students
Institutions of higher learning	8,400	23,200	24,600
Vocational secondary	10,600	22,100	27,700
Specialized secondary	11,100	18,700	23,000
Primary and junior secondary	245,900	394,400	435,900
Total students	276,000	458,400	511,200

Source: Based on information from Mongolia, Central Statistical Board, National Economy of the MPR for 65 Years, 1921-1986, Ulaanbaatar, 1986, 361-64.

Table 7. Employment by Sector, Selected Years, 1960-85

**(in percentages)**
Sector	1960	1970	1980	198 5
Material production
Agriculture and forestry	60.8	47.3	39.9	33.8
Construction	6.9	5.8	6.0	6.1
Industry	12.1	15.5	16.0	18.6
Trade, material, technical supplies, and procurement	3.5	6.5	6.8	7.3
Transportation and communications	3.7	5.4	7.1	7.8
Total material production*	87.0	80.6	76.0	73.8
Nonmaterial production
Education, culture, and art	3.7	7.8	9.6	10.3
Finance, credit, and insurance	0.1	0.3	0.4	0.4
Housing and domestic services	0.6	2.0	2.8	3.8
Public administration	4.6	2.1	2.2	2.4
Public health and social security institutions	2.8	5.2	6.3	6.4
Science and scientific services	0.4	1.0	1.7	1.9
Total nonmaterial production*	13.0	19.4	24.0	26.2
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

*As published.

Source: Based on information from Mongolia, Central Statistical Board, National Economy of the MPR for 65 Years, 1921-1986, Ulaanbaatar, 1986, 134-37.

Table 8. Major Joint Ventures, 1987

Joint Venture	Partner	Sector	Date	Comments
Erdenet Mining and Concentrating Combine	Soviet Union	Mining	1973	Exploitation of copper and moybdenum.
Monogolbank	-do-	Banking	1924	Turned over to Mongolian control in 1954 and renamed State Bank of the Mongolian People's Republic.
Mongolbolgarmetall	Bulgaria	Mining	Late 1970s
Mongolchekhoslovakmetall	Czechoslovakia	-do-	1979	Exploitation of fluorite and tin.
Mongolneft	Soviet Union	Oil	1949	Turned over to Mongolian control in 1957.
Mongsovbuner	-do-	Wholesale trade	1932	Turned over to Mongolian control in 1934.
Mongolsovtsvetmet	-do-	Mining	1970s	Exploitation of nonferrous metals.
Mongoltrans	-do-	Transportation	1929	Turned over to Mongolian control in 1936.
Sovmongmetall	-do-	Mining	1949	Turned over to Mongolian control in 1957.
Sovmongolpromstroy	-do-	Construction	After World War II
Stormong	-do-	Foreign trade	1927	Turned over to Mongolian control at unknown date.
Ulaanbaatar Railroad	-do-	Transportation	1949	Established with 53 percent Soviet share; equal shares agreed upon in 1968.

Source: Based on information from Alan J.K. Sanders, Mongolia: Politics, Economics, and Society. Boulder, Colorado, 1987, 85- 87.

Table 9. Foreign Trade, 1970, 1980, and 1985

**(in percentage)**
	1970	1980	1985
Exports
Raw materials and processed products (nonfoodstuffs)	58.5	30.9	24.5
Raw materials (foodstuffs)	19.5	13.4	6.2
Foodstuffs	9.6	19.0	9.2
Industrial consumer goods	5.9	9.6	16.8
Fuel, minerals, raw materials, and metals	5.4	26.4	42.6
Chemicals, fertilizers, and rubber	---	---	---
Construction materials	0.9	0.4	0.6
Machines and equipment	0.2	0.3	0.1
Total exports	100.0	100.0	100.0
Imports
Raw materials and processed products (nonfoodstuffs)	2.0	2.4	2.8
Raw materials (foodstuffs)	0.3	2.9	1.4
Foodstuffs	12.7	8.4	6.2
Industrial consumer goods	36.3	20.9	17.3
Fuel, minerals, raw materials, and metals	12.8	24.1	28.7
Chemicals, fertilizers, and rubber	5.1	6.3	6.0
Construction materials	1.7	1.9	1.4
Machines and equipment	25.9	33.1	36.2
Total imports*	100.0*	100.0	100.0

--- means negligible.
*As published.

Source: Based on information from Mongolia, Central Statistical B oard, National Economy of the MPR for 65 Years, 1921-1986, Ulaanbaatar, 1986, 340-42.

Table 10. Principal Foreign Trade Commodities, 1986

Commodity	Unit	Quantity
Exports
Cement	thousands of tons	13
Grain	-do-	139
Meat and meat products	-do-	44
Wool	-do-	16
Large hides	thousands	121
Small hides	-do-	1,256
Lumber	thousands of cubic meters	39
Sawn timber	-do-	121
Clothing	millions of rubles	38
Imports
Cement	thousands of tons	49
Fertilizers	-do-	33
Fresh fruits	-do-	2,600
Gas, diesel, and paraffin	-do-	788
Lubricating oil	-do-	24
Paper	-do-	9
Refined sugar	-do-	42
Rolled iron and steel	-do-	74
Canned vegetables	tons	1,500
Insecticides	-do-	1,615
Cotton cloth	millions of meters	55
Silk and synthetic cloth	-do-	8
Woolen cloth	-do-	1
Buses	units	319
Clocks and watches	-do-	120,000
Cranes	-do-	55
Diesel generators	-do-	7
Electric forklifts	-do-	17
Excavators	-do-	60
Machine tools	-do-	50
Motorcycles	-do-	7,107
Automobiles	-do-	551
Radio receivers	-do-	17,100
Refrigerators	-do-	12,600
Sewing machines	-do-	10,100
Television sets	-do-	11,000
Tractors	-do-	695
Transformers	-do-	186
Trucks	-do-	1,546
Washing machines	-do-	6,500
Leather footwear	thousands of pairs	566

Source: Based on information from Europa Year Book, 1988, London, 1988, 1, 865.

Table 11. Hurals, 1924-86

Hural	Date
First National Great Hural	November 1924
Second National Great Hural	November 1925
Third National Great Hural	November 1926
Fourth National Great Hural	October-November 1927
Fifth National Great Hural	December 1928-January 1929
Sixth National Great Hural	April 1930
Seventh National Great Hural	December 20-27, 1937
Eighth National Great Hural	June 20-July 9, 1940
Ninth National Great Hural	February 12-19, 1949
First People's Great Hural	July 1951
Second People's Great Hural	June 1954
Third People's Great Hural	June 1957
Fourth People's Great Hural	July 1960
Fifth People's Great Hural	June 1963
Sixth People's Great Hural	July 1966
Seventh People's Great Hural June	1969
Eighth People's Great Hural	July 1973
Ninth People's Great Hural	June 1977
Tenth People's Great Hural	June-July 1981
Eleventh People's Great Hural	July 1986

*Known as National Great Hural from 1924 to 1951; thereafter know n as People's Great Hural.

Table 12. Party Congresses, 1921-86

Party Congress*	Date
First Party Congress	March 1-3, l921
Second Party Congress	July 18-August l8, 1923
Third Party Congress	August 4-24, 1924
Fourth Party Congress	September 23-October 2, 1925
Fifth Party Congress	September 26-October 4, 1926
Sixth Party Congress	September 22-October 4, 1927
Seventh Party Congress	October 23-December 10, 1928
Eighth Party Congress	February 21-April 3, 1930
Ninth Party Congress	September 28-October 5, 1934
Tenth Party Congress	March 20-April 5, 1940
Eleventh Party Congress	December 7-23, 1947
Twelfth Party Congress	November 19-24, 1954
Thirteenth Party Congress	March 17-22, 1958
Fourteenth Party Congress	July 3-7, 1961
Fifteenth Party Congress	June 7-11, 1966
Sixteenth Party Congress	July 1971
Seventeenth Party Congress	June 14-18, 1976
Eighteenth Party Congress	May 26-30, 1981
Nineteenth Party Congress	May 29-31, 1986

*Party known as Mongolian People's Party from 1921 to 1924; there after known as Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party.

Table 13. Major Equipment of Mongolian People's Army, 1988

Description	Country of Origin	Estimated Inventory
Armor
Main battle tanks (T-54, T-55, T-62)	Soviet Union	650
BRDM-2 reconnaissance vehicles	-do-	135
BMP-1 mechanized infantry combat vehicles	-do-	420
BTR-40, BTR-60, and BTR-152 armored personnel carriers	-do-	450
Artillery
D-30 122mm, M-46 130mm, and ML-20 152mm towed artillery	-do-	650
ZPU-4 14.5mm, M-1939 37mm, and S-60 57mm air defense guns	-do-	100
T-12 100mm antitank guns	-do-	n.a.
120mm and 160mm mortars	-do-	n.a.
BM-21 122mm, B-13 132mm, BM-16 132mm, BM-14 140mm, BM-16 140mm, and BM-17 140mm multiple rocket launchers	-do-	120+
Surface-to-air missiles
SA-7	-do-	300
Fighters
MiG-21 (Fishbed), including one MiG-21U trainer	-do-	30
Transports
An-2 (Colt)	-do-	20
An-24 (Coke)	-do-	19
An-26 (Curl)	-do-	1
An-32 (Cline)	-do-	1
Helicopters
Mi-4 (Hound)	-do-	10
Mi-8 (Hip)	-do-	n.a.

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1988- 1989, London, 1988, 171.