Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Total Population and Population Density by Department, 1990

Department	Population	Inhabitants per Square Kilometer
Boaco	117,900	28
Carazo	150,000	137
Chinandega	330,500	69
Chontales	129,600	21
Estelí	169,100	78
Granada	162,600	164
Jinotega	175,600	18
León	344,500	66
Madriz	88,700	55
Managua	1,026,100	305
Masaya	230,800	335
Matagalpa	322,300	47
Nueva Segovia	122,100	34
Río San Juan	52,200	7
Rivas	149,800	68
Zelaya*	298,900	5
NICARAGUA	3,870,700	32

* As of 1993, divided into Región Autónomista Atlántico Norte and Región Autónomista Altántico Sur.

Source: Based on information from Federal Republic of Germany, Statistisches Bundesamt, Länderbericht: Nicaragua, 1991, Wiesbaden, 1991, 24.

Table 3. Socioeconomic Classes and Their Percentage of the Labor Force, 1980*

Class	Number	Percentage of Labor Force
Upper class
(large landowners or owners of large industrial, commercial, and service enterprises employing more than 100 persons)	2,200	0.2
Middle class
(medium landowners and owners of medium urban enterprises, independent professionals, and salaried administrators and technicians)	176,500	19.4
Upper peasants
(richer smallholders and their unpaid family workers)	125,900	13.9
Lower peasants
(poor smallholders)	149,300	16.4
Rural workers
(landless agricultural workers: permanent, seasonal, and unemployed)	100,500	11.1
Working class
(salaried workers in construction, mining, industry, commerce, services, and government)	153,500	16.9
Self-employed workers
(nonsalaried artisans, peddlers, and unskilled workers)	79,700	8.8
Domestics and urban unemployed	120,400	13.3
TOTAL	908,000	100.0

* Landholding categories are defined by size and land use. Mediumlandowners hold 50-500 manzanas (one manzana is equal to 0.7 hectares) in domestic consumption crops; 14-65 manzanas in coffee; 50-200 manzanas in cotton; or 200-1,000 manzanas in cattle. Upper peasants possess 10-50 manzanas in domestic consumption crops; 5-15 manzanas in coffee; 5-50 manzanas in cotton; or 20-200 manzanas in cattle. Large landowners and lower peasants, respectively, have holdings above and below these limits.

Source: Based on information from Richard L. Harris, "The Economic Transformation and Industrial Development of Nicaragua," in Richard L. Harris and Carlos M. Vilas (eds.), Nicaragua: A Revolution under Siege, London, 1985, 47-48.

Table 4. Enrollment by Level of Education, Selected Years, 1970-87

Level of Education	1970	1980	1985	1987
Primary school	285,300	472,200	561,600	583,700
Middle school and
high school	42,200	120,500	100,000	132,700
Vocational school	4,441	16,661	41,749	33,241
Teachers' college	1,757	2,560	9,570	11,228
University	9,385	35,268	29,000	26,878

Source:Based on information from Federal Republic of Germany, Statistisches Bundesamt, Länderbericht: Nicaragua, 1991, Wiesbaden, 1991, 35.

Table 5. Selected Economic Indicators, 1980- 92

**(in billions of United States dollars unless otherwise indicated)**
Indicator	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	19921
Real GDP2	2.08	2.19	2.17	2.27	2.23	2.15	2.13	2.11	1.88	1.82	1.75	1.72	1.71
Real GDP3	4.6	5.4	-0.8	4.6	-1.6	-4.1	-1.0	-0.7	-10.9	-3.0	-4.0	-0.7	-0.5
Real GDP per
capita4	750	765	734	743	708	656	628	603	520	487	453	435	423
Real GDP per
capita growth3	1.2	1.9	-4.0	1.2	-4.7	-7.3	-4.3	-4.0	-13.6	-6.2	-7.1	-4.0	-12.1
Inflation3	35	24	25	31	35	220	682	912	14,316	4,770	12,338	400	10
Trade balance5	-397	-472	-364	-397	-399	-562	-495	-522	-562	-312	-230	-415	-507
Overall balance
of payments	-511	-195	-236	-461	-405	-417	-943	-715	-567	-651	-728	-682	n.a.
External debt	1.59	2.30	2.78	3.38	3.95	4.58	5.32	6.27	6.77	8.07	10.6	10.5	10.1

n.a.--not available.
1 Estimated.
2 GDP--gross domestic product; in constant 1980 United States dollars.
3 In percentages.
4 In United States dollars.
5 In millions of United States dollars.

Source:Based on information from United States, Agency for International Development, Latin America and the Caribbean: Selected Economic Data, Washington, 1992, 122; and Latin America Monitor [London], 10, No. 6, July 1993, 1174.

Table 6. Major Trading Partners,1984, 1989, and 1991

**(in percentages)**
Country	1984	1989	1991
Exports
Germany*	14.2	21.1	14.0
Japan	11.5	6.7	11.0
Soviet Union	2.2	2.9	n.a.
Canada	0.4	21.1	11.0
United States	n.a.	0.0	16.4
Imports
Mexico	41.1	12.2	n.a.
Costa Rica	12.2	9.0	7.8
Soviet Union	10.3	19.4	10.1
Cuba	8.1	15.3	8.0
United States	n.a.	0.0	21.3
Venezuela	n.a.	n.a.	7.1

n.a.--not available.
* Prior to 1990, for West Germany only. In 1991 for Germany.

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, 1991-92, London, 1991, 26; and Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama [London], No. 4, 1992, 8.

Table 7. Production of Selected Commodities, 1985-89

**(in thousands of tons)**
Commodity	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989
Bananas	127	101	119	144	132
Beef	42	45	40	33	29
Coffee	50	43	37	43	42
Corn	234	234	27	28	299
Cotton	69	49	49	33	22
Rice	156	144	149	111	104
Shrimp and lobster	3	3	2	3	3
Sugarcane	2,831	2,810	2,575	1,932	2,300

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, 1991-92, London, 1991, 18.

Table 8. Principal Exports, 1984-88

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
Commodity	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988
Bananas	12	16	16	15	15
Coffee	122	118	110	133	85
Cotton	134	91	44	46	53
Beef	18	11	5	15	19
Shrimp and lobster	13	13	9	14	4
Sugarcane	21	7	1	14	5

Source:Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, 1991-92, London, 1991, 25.

Table 9. National Assembly Seats, Elections of 1985 and 1990

Party	1985	1990
FSLN1	61	39
MAP-ML2	2	---3
MUR4	0	1
PCdeN5	2	---3
PCD6	14	---3
PLI7	9	---3
PPSC8	6	---3
PSC9	0	1
PSN10	2	---3
UNO11	n.a.	51
TOTAL	96	92

n.a.--not applicable. 1 Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (Sandinista National Liberation Front).
2 Movimiento de Acción Popular--Marxista-Leninista (Popular Action Movement--Marxist-Leninist).
3 Part of the UNO coalition in 1990.
4 Movimiento de Unidad Revolucionaria (Revolutionary Unity Movement).
5 Partido Comunista de Nicaragua (Communist Party of Nicaragua).
6 Partido Conservador Demócrata (Democratic Conservative Party).
7 Partido Liberal Independiente (Independent Liberal Party).
8 Partido Popular Social Cristiano (Popular Social Christian Party).
9 Partido Social Cristiano (Social Christian Party).
10 Partido Socialista Nicaragüense (Nicaraguan Socialist Party).
11 Unión Nacional Opositora (National Opposition Union). Coalition formed to compete in the 1990 election.

Source: Based on information from The Europa Year Book, 1988, 2, London, 1988; and South America, Central America, and the Caribbean, 1993, London, 1993, 475.

Table 10. UNO Political Parties, 19921

Party	Orientation	Leader
APC2	right	Míriam Argüello Morales
MDN3	center	Roberto Urroz Castillo
PAN4	center	Eduardo Rivas Gasteazoro
PANC5	right	Hernaldo Zúñiga Montenegro
PCdeN6	left	Eli Altimirano
PCN7	right	Silviano Matamoros Lacayo
PDCN8	center	Agustín Jarquín Anaya
PICA9	-do-	Alejandro Pérez Arévalo
PL10	-do-	Andrés Zúñiga Mercado
PLC11	right	José Somarriba
PLI12	center	Virgilio Godoy Reyes
PPSC13	-do-	Luis Guzmán
PSD14	-do-	Guillermo Potoy
PSN15	left	Gustavo Tablada Zelaya

1 UNO--Unión Nacional Opositora (National Opposition Union). The APC, PANC, and PCN announced in 1992 that they would merge as the National Conservative Party (Partido Conservador Nationalista--PCN) for the 1996 elections.
2 Alianza Popular Conservadora (Popular Conservative Alliance).
3 Movimiento Democrático Nicaragüense (Nicaraguan Democratic Movement).
4 Partido de Acción Nacional (National Action Party).
5 Partido de Acción Nacional Conservadora (Conservative National Action Party).
6 Partido Comunista de Nicaragua (Communist Party of Nicaragua).
7 Partido Conservador Nacional (National Conservative Party).
8 Partido Demócrata de Confianza Nacional (Democratic Party of National Confidence).
9 Partido Integracionalista Centroamericano (Central American Integrationist Party).
10 Partido Liberal (Liberal Party).
11 Partido Liberal Constitucionalista (Liberal Constitutionalist Party).
12 Partido Liberal Independiente (Independent Liberal Party).
13 Partido Popular Social Cristiano (Social Christian Popular Party).
14 Partido Social Demócrata (Social Democratic Party).
15 Partido Socialista Nicaragüense (Nicaraguan Socialist Party).

Table 11. Non-UNO Political Parties, 19921

Party	Orientation	Leader
FSLN2	left	Daniel José Ortega Saavedra
MUR3	-do-	Moisés Hassan Morales
PCD4	right	José Brenes
PCSN5	center	Erick Ramírez Benevente
PLIUN6	center	Rodolfo Robelo
PMLN7	left	Isidro Téllez Toruño
PPSCA8	center	Mauricio Díaz Dávila
PRT9	left	Bonifacio Miranda
PS10	right	Fernando Agüero
PUCA11	-do-	Blanca Rojas
PUNC12	right	William Estrada

1 UNO--Unión Nacional Opositora (National Opposition Union). The PCD announced that it would merge with three UNO parties as the Nicaraguan Conservative Party (Partido Conservador Nicaragüense) for the 1996 elections.
2 Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (Sandinista National Liberation Front).
3 Movimiento de Unidad Revolucionaria (Revolutionary Unity Movement).
4 Partido Conservador Demócrata (Democratic Conservative Party).
5 Partido Social Cristiano Nicaragüense (Nicaraguan Social Christian Party).
6 Partido de Liberal Independiente de Unidad Nacional(Independent Liberal Party of National Unity).
7 Partido Marxista-Leninista de Nicaragua (Nicaraguan Marxist-Leninist Party).
8 Partido Popular Social Cristiano Auténtico (Authenthic Popular Social Christian Party).
9 Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores (Workers' Revolutionary Party).
10 Partido Socialconservadismo (Social Conservative Party).
11 Partido Unionista Centroamericano (Central American Unionist Party).
12 Partido de Unidad Nacional Conservadora (National Conservative Unity Party).

Table 12. Major Items of Military Equipment, 1993

Type and Description	Country of Origin	Inventory
Sandinista People's Army
Tanks
T-55 (heavy)	Soviet Union	1301
PT-76 (light)	-do-	22
Armored reconnaissance
BRDM-2	-do-	801
Armored personnel carriers
BTR-60	-do-	19
BTR-152 (wheeled)	-do-	1001
Towed artillery
D-30 (122mm)	-do-	36
D-20 (152mm)	-do-	60
Mortars
82mm	-do-	500
M-43 (120mm)	-do-	20
M-160 (160mm)	-do-	n.a.
Multiple rocket launchers
Type 63 (107mm)	China	30
BM-21 (122mm)	Soviet Union	30
Antitank weapons
AT-3 Sagger missile	-do-	12
ZIS-2 57mm gun	-do-	325
ZIS-3 76mm gun	-do-	84
M-1944 100mm gun	-do-	24
Surface-to-air missiles
S-7,-14,-16 shoulder-fired	-do-	500
Sandinista Air Force/Air Defense Force
Combat and counterinsurgency
Cessna 337	United States	62
L-39 Aero Albatros	Czechoslovakia	6
SF-260A	Italy	4
Transport
An-2 (light)	Soviet Union	8
An-26 (medium)	-do-	5
Helicopters
Mi-24, -25 (attack)	-do-	2
Mi-8,-17	-do-	19
Air defense guns
14.5mm, 23mm, 37mm, 57mm, 100mm	Various	800
Sandinista Navy
Patrol craft
Sin Hung	North Korea	3
Zhuk	Soviet Union	3
Vedette	France	2
Minehunters and minesweepers
K-8	Poland	42
Yevgenya	Soviet Union	72

n.a.--not available.
1 Some stored.
2 May be nonoperational.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1993-1994, London, 1993, 190; and Jane's Fighting Ships, 1993-94, Alexandria, 1993, 442.