Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Nepal: Population Growth, Selected Years, 1911-2001

Year	Population	Growth Rate
	(in thousands)	(in percentages)
1911	5,639	n.a.
1921	5,574	- 0.13
1931	5,533	- 0.07
1941	6,284	1.16
1952-54	8,473	2.27
1961	9,413	1.64
1971	11,556	2.05
1981	15,023	2.62
2001*	23,593	2.30

n.a.--not applicable.
*Projected as medium variant.

Source: Based on information from Nepal, National Planning Commission, Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocket Book: Nepal, 1988, Kathmandu, 1988, 21.

Table 3. Nepal: Population Density and Agricultural Density by Region, 1961, 1971, and 1981

Region	1961 1	1971	1981
Population density2
Mountain Region	n.a.	22	25
Hill Region	n.a.	99	117
Tarai Region	101	128	193
NEPAL	64	79	102
Agricultural density3
Mountain Region	n.a.	9.3	10.6
Hill Region	n.a.	6.5	7.6
Tarai Region	2.4	3.1	4.7
NEPAL	3.8	4.7	6.1

n.a.--not available.
1Mountain and Hill regions together had population density figure of 53 and agricultural density figure of 5.6.
2Persons per square kilometer of total land.
3Persons per hectare of cultivable land.

Source: Based on information from Nanda R. Shrestha, Landlessness and Migration in Nepal, Boulder, Colorado, 1990, 121.

Table 4. Nepal: Lifetime Regional Migration, 1971 and 1981

		Place of Birth
Place of Enumeration	Year	Mountain Region	Hill Region	Tarai Region	Total
Mountain Region	1971	n.a.	9,258	440	9,698
	1981	n.a.	33,423	2,196	35,619
Hill Region	1971	15,667	n.a.	9,699	25,366
	1981	134,254	n.a.	35,669	169,923
Tarai Region	1971	33,990	376,074	n.a.	410,064
	1981	162,832	561,211	n.a.	724,043
TOTAL	1971	49,657	385,332	10,139	445,128
	1981	297,086	594,634	37,865	929,585*

n.a.--not applicable.
*Excludes migration flows within the same region; including these flows would bring the total to 1,272,300 persons.

Source: Based on information from Nanda R. Shrestha, Landlessness and Migration in Nepal, Boulder, Colorado, 1990, 27.

Table 5. Nepal: Reasons for Lifetime Regional Migration by Region and Sex, 1981

Reason	Mountain to Mountain	Mountain to Hill	Mountain to Tarai	Hill to Mountain	Hill to Hill	Hill to Tarai	Tarai to Mountain	Tarai to Hill	Tarai to Tarai
Males
Trade and commerce	48.3	48.5	21.6	7.6	14.9	5.4	43.8	22.4	8.5
Agriculture	5.7	6.1	35.9	2.5	23.2	50.2	5.2	5.9	38.1
Service	2.3	3.4	4.3	7.5	15.2	7.5	15.2	12.2	10.8
Study and training	0.2	1.1	4.8	0.4	3.9	4.6	1.8	4.4	4.1
Marriage	0.6	0.5	0.5	1.2	2.4	0.7	1.5	1.2	2.3
Not stated and other	42.9	40.4	32.8	80.8	40.2	31.5	32.5	53.8	36.2
Total males*	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Females
Trade and commerce	40.6	42.4	20.1	4.4	6.5	3.9	26.6	12.7	4.2
Agriculture	5.4	5.2	25.4	1.3	8.6	31.9	2.3	3.4	10.6
Service	0.3	0.6	0.7	0.1	1.3	1.1	2.0	1.8	0.9
Study and training	0.2	0.5	2.7	0.3	1.0	2.0	0.8	1.9	1.3
Marriage	16.2	15.2	14.6	33.1	49.1	24.0	31.7	26.8	52.0
Not stated and other	37.2	36.1	36.4	60.2	33.4	37.0	36.5	53.4	31.0
Total females*	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

*Figures may not add to total because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Nanda R. Shrestha, Landlessness and Migration in Nepal, Boulder, Colorado, 1990, 30.

Table 6. Nepal: Reasons for External Absentee Migration by Region and Sex, 1981

Region and Sex	Trade and Commerce	Agriculture	Service	Study and Training	Marriage	Not Stated and Other	Total
Mountain Region
Males
Number	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	61,263
Percentage	1	8	67	2	0	22	100
Females
Number	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	16,247
Percentage	1	7	11	3	1	77	100
Total Mountain Region
Number	1,048	5,863	43,010	1,498	267	25,824	77,510
Percentage	1	8	56	2	0	33	100
Hill Region
Males
Number	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	237,747
Percentage	0	3	79	2	0	16	100
Females
Number	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	49,668
Percentage	0	2	12	3	2	81	100
Total Hill Region
Number	1,213	7,576	195,610	6,756	1,181	77,079	289,415
Percentage	0	3	68	2	0	27	100
Tarai Region
Males
Number	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	27,438
Percentage	1	2	67	7	1	22	100
Females
Number	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	8,614
Percentage	0	2	8	5	23	62	100
Total Tarai Region
Number	262	666	19,144	2,386	2,148	11,446	36,052
Percentage	0	2	53	7	6	32	100
NEPAL
Males
Number	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	326,448
Percentage	1	4	76	2	0	17	100
Females
Number	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	74,529
Percentage	0	3	12	3	4	78	100
TOTAL NEPAL
Number	2,523	14,105	257,764	10,640	3,596	114,349	400,977
Percentage	1	3	64	3	1	28	100

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from Nanda R. Shrestha, Landlessness and Migration in Nepal, Boulder, Colorado, 1990, 36.

Table 7. Nepal: Distribution of Population by Mother Tongue, 1981

Mother Tongue	Number	Percentage
Nepali	8,767,361	58.4
Maithili	1,668,309	11.1
Bhojpuri	1,142,805	7.6
Tharu	545,685	3.6
Tamang	522,416	3.5
Newari	448,746	3.0
Abadhi	234,343	1.5
Rai and Kirati	221,353	1.5
Magar	212,681	1.4
Gurung	174,464	1.2
Limbu	129,234	0.9
Bhote (or Bhotia) and Sherpa	73,589	0.5
Rajbansi	59,383	0.4
Satar	22,403	0.1
Danuwar	13,522	0.1
Sunwar	10,650	0.1
Santhal	5,804	---
Thakali	5,289	---
Other	764,802	5.1
TOTAL	15,022,839	100.0

---means negligible.

Source: Based on information from Nepal, National Planning Commission, Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocket Book, Nepal, 1988, Kathmandu, 1988, 24.

Table 8. Nepal: Distribution of Land by Region and Size of Holding, 1981

**(in hectares)**
Region	Under 0.5	0.5 to 1.0	1.0 to 3.0	3.0 to 5.0	Over 5.0	Total
Mountain Region
Households
Number	131,703	37,767	23,42	32,53	42,151	197,578
Percentage	66.7	19.1	11.8	1.3	1.1	100.0
Holdings
Number	24,563	27,787	31,40	39,84	228,992	122,587
Percentage	20.0	22.7	25.6	8.0	23.7	100.0
Average holding	0.2	0.7	1.3	3.9	13.5	0.6
Hill Region
Households
Number	541,988	194,403	250,203	41,468	17,158	1,045,220
Percentage	51.9	18.6	23.9	4.0	1.6	100.0
Holdings
Number	98,731	145,776	375,079	157,383	162,735	939,704
Percentage	10.5	15.5	39.9	16.7	17.4	100.0
Average holding	0.2	0.7	1.5	3.8	9.5	0.9
Tarai Region
Households
Number	434,210	123,250	262,386	75,667	55,645	951,158
Percentage	45.6	13.0	27.6	8.0	5.8	100.0
Holdings
Number	38,705	91,367	463,521	288,447	519,386	1,401,426
Percentage	2.7	6.5	33.1	20.6	37.1	100.0
Average holding	0.1	0.7	1.8	3.8	9.3	1.5
TOTAL
Households
Number	1,107,901	355,420	536,012	119,669	74,954	2,193,956
Percentage	50.5	16.2	24.4	5.5	3.4	100.0
Holdings
Number	161,999	264,930	870,003	455,672	711,113	2,463,717
Percentage	6.6	10.7	35.3	18.5	28.9	100.0
Average holding	0.2	0.8	1.6	3.8	9.5	1.1

Source: Based on information from Nanda R. Shrestha, Landlessness and Migration in Nepal, Boulder, Colorado, 1990, 127.

Table 9. Nepal: Planned Expenditures in the Public Sector, 1970-90

**(in percentages)**
Sector	Fourth Plan (1970-75)	Fifth Plan (1975-80)	Sixth Plan (1980-85)	Seventh Plan (1985-90)
Agriculture	26.0	30.0	29.4	30.6
Transportation	41.2	25.4	20.6	17.7
Industry	18.4	21.2	21.9	26.0
Social services	14.4	23.5	28.1	25.7
TOTAL*	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

*Figures may not add to total because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Badri Prasad Shreshtha, Nepalese Economy in Retrospect and Prospect, Kathmandu, 1990, 22.

Table 10. Nepal: Public Sector Development Expenditures and Foreign Aid, 1956- 90

**(in millions of rupees)1**
Foreign Aid Period	Planned Development Expenditures	Value	Percentage of Development Expenditures
First Plan (1956-61)	382.92	382.9	100.0
Second Plan (1962-65)	614.7	478.3	77.8
Third Plan (1965-70)	1,639.1	919.2	56.1
Fourth Plan (1970-75)	3,356.9	1,509.1	45.0
Fifth Plan (1975-80)	8,832.5	4,240.8	48.0
Sixth Plan (1980-85)	22,090.1	10,585.2	47.9
Seventh Plan (1985-90)	29,000.0	20,480.0	70.6
1985-86	6,213.3	3,491.5	60.13
1986-87	7,377.9	3,990.9	68.83
1987-88	9,428.0	5,892.6	62.53

1For value of the rupee--see Glossary.
2Actual amount disbursed.
3As published.

Source: Based on information from Babu Ram Shrestha, Managing External Assistance in Nepal, Kathmandu, 1990, 45, 118-19.

Table 11. Nepal: Government Budget, Fiscal Years 1987-90

**(in millions of rupees)1**
	1987	1988	19892	19903
Expenditures
Regular	4,135.2	4,676.9	5,765.1	6,651.2
Development	7,378.0	9,428.0	9,495.5	13,590.7
Total expenditures	11,513.2	14,104.9	15,260.6	20,241.9
Revenues
Regular	5,975.1	7,350.4	7,540.7	8,500.6
Foreign grants	1,285.1	2,076.8	1,817.9	8,000.6
Total revenues	7,260.2	9,427.2	9,358.6	16,501.2
Deficit	4,253.0	4,677.7	5,902.0	3,740.7
Loans
Foreign	2,705.8	3,815.8	4,169.4	7,767.4
Internal	1,644.7	1,130.0	1,130.0	1,750.0
Total loans	4,350.5	4,945.8	5,299.4	9,517.4
Cash balance (- means surplus)4	-97.5	-268.0	602.6	n.a.

n.a.--not available.
1For value of the rupee--see Glossary.
2Revised estimate.
3Estimate.
4Figures may not add to total because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Nepal, National Planning Commission, Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocket Book: Nepal, 1990, Kathmandu, 1990, 199.

Table 12. Nepal: Direction of Foreign Trade, Fiscal Years 1989, 1990, and 1991
(in millions of rupees)1

	1989	19902	19913
Exports
India	1,034.9	666.6	1,348.0
Other	3,160.4	4,568.9	4,182.1
Total exports	4,195.3	5,235.5	5,530.1
Imports
India	4,238.7	4,646.3	5,574.5
Other	12,025.0	13,755.2	11,281.9
Total imports	16,263.7	18,401.5	16,856.4
Trade balance
India	-3,203.8	-3,979.7	- 4,226.5
Other	-8,864.6	-9,186.3	- 7,099.8
Total trade balance	-12,068.4	-13,166.0	-11,326.3

1For value of the rupee--see Glossary.
2Provisional.
3Provisional; first nine months of fiscal year.

Source: Based on information from Nepal Rastra Bank, Research Department, Main Economic Indicators, Kathmandu, February-April 1991, Table 17.

Table 13. Nepal: Exports to India by Commodity Group, Fiscal Years 1986-891
(in millions of rupees)2

Commodity Group	1986	1987	1988	19893
Food and live animals	573.0	560.0	773.2	463.1
Tobacco and beverages	0.1	2.7	1.8	1.1
Crude materials and inedibles, except fuels	364.5	460.0	390.0	212.4
Mineral fuels and lubricants	0.2	0.2	0.8	---
Animal and vegetable oils and fats	56.0	73.8	144.1	94.8
Chemicals and drugs	1.0	1.2	11.1	16.5
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materials	201.7	193.1	228.5	180.2
Machinery and transportation equipment	37.5	0.9	0.1	4.2
Miscellaneous manufactured goods	6.8	10.8	15.7	18.3
Other	0.3	0.2	2.5	---
TOTAL	1,241.1	1,302.9	1,567.8	990.6

---means negligible.
1Based on customs data.
2For value of the rupee--see Glossary.
3Provisional.

Source: Based on information from Nepal, National Planning Commission, Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocket Book: Nepal, 1990, Kathmandu, 1990, 252.

Table 14. Nepal: Exports by Country, Fiscal Years 1985-88*

**(in percentages)**
Country	1985	1986	1987	1988
Bangladesh	---	---	0.3	---
Britain	9.4	6.1	10.1	10.0
China	n.a.	n.a.	---	---
Hong Kong	1.5	2.8	0.7	0.3
Japan	1.2	0.6	1.6	0.8
Pakistan	---	0.1	0.1	---
Singapore	6.2	12.3	6.4	1.2
Soviet Union	8.6	3.8	2.6	1.6
United States	43.2	45.8	36.5	37.1
West Germany	13.1	13.7	18.2	26.7
Other	16.8	14.8	23.5	22.3
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

--- means negligible.
n.a.--not available.
*Excluding India.

Source: Based on information from Nepal, National Planning Commission, Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocket Book: Nepal, 1990, Kathmandu, 1990, 243.

Table 15. Nepal: Exports by Commodity Group, Fiscal Years 1986-891

**(in millions of rupees)2**
Commodity Group	1986	1987	1988	19892
Food and live animals	835.6	703.7	804.4	540.5
Tobacco and beverages	0.2	3.5	10.1	5.0
Crude materials and inedibles, except fuels	412.9	491.1	513.7	245.2
Mineral fuels and lubricants	0.2	0.2	0.8	n.a.
Animal and vegetable oils and fats	61.3	117.1	171.5	98.1
Chemicals and drugs	2.5	2.0	12.6	24.3
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materials	900.0	1,009.6	1,601.6	1,986.5
Machinery and transportation equipment	38.6	2.6	0.5	5.7
Miscellaneous manufactured goods	826.5	661.5	996.9	1,250.1
Other	0.3	0.2	2.5	n.a.
TOTAL	3,078.1	2,991.5	4,114.6	4,155.4

n.a.--not available.
1Based on customs data.
2For value of the rupee--see Glossary.
3Provisional.

Source: Based on information from Nepal, National Planning Commission, Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocket Book: Nepal, 1990, Kathmandu, 1990, 249.

Table 16. Nepal: Imports by Country, Fiscal Years 1985-88*

**(in percentages)**
Country	1985	1986	1987	19 88
Britain	6.4	1.9	3.0	3.0
China	6.4	5.8	4.4	5.6
Hong Kong	2.8	3.5	3.2	2.6
Japan	22.3	28.7	22.9	20.8
Singapore	5.1	6.4	12.4	13.1
South Korea	10.1	8.8	9.2	6.9
Soviet Union	11.3	3.4	0.1	4.6
Thailand	2.2	2.0	2.5	1.8
United States	3.1	3.3	1.4	2.1
West Germany	4.8	5.2	5.0	8.1
Other	25.5	31.0	35.9	31.4
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

*Excluding India.

Source: Based on information from Nepal, National Planning Commission, Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocket Book: Nepal, 1990, Kathmandu, 1990, 244.

Table 17. Nepal: Imports by Commodity Group, Fiscal Years 1986-891

**(in millions of rupees)2**
Commodity Group	1986	1987	1988	1989
Food and live animals	971.1	1,028.9	1,523.7	1,291.1
Tobacco and beverages	113.0	144.0	172.2	203.7
Crude materials and inedibles, except fuels	393.0	657.2	1,306.9	1,165.4
Mineral fuels and lubricants	1,054.0	929.5	1,049.9	1,128.4
Animal and vegetable oils and fats	102.0	175.9	352.6	345.6
Chemicals and drugs	1,170.2	1,287.6	1,495.3	1,541.4
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materials	2,759.5	3,226.8	3,359.2	4,678.8
Machinery and transportation equipment	2,134.7	2,784.1	4,143.7	4,861.2
Miscellaneous manufactured goods	637.2	664.0	729.1	1,020.2
Other	6.7	7.3	7.0	4.7
TOTAL	9,341.4	10,905.3	14,139.6	16,240.5

1Based on customs data.
2For value of the rupee--see Glossary.
3Provisional.

Source: Based on information from Nepal, National Planning Commission, Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocket Book: Nepal, 1990, Kathmandu, 1990, 254.

Table 18. Nepal: Disbursement of Foreign Loans and Grants, Selected Fiscal Years 1984- 90

(in millions of rupees)*
Source	1984	1985	1989	199 0
Bilateral
Grants	765.5	756.9	1,363.8	1,674.0
Loans	217.7	399.4	507.8	1,000.6
Total bilateral	983.2	1,156.3	1,871.6	2,674.6
Multilateral
Grants	111.1	166.5	316.8	301.3
Loans	1,453.2	1,353.6	5,158.6	4,959.0
Total multilateral	1,564.3	1,520.1	5,475.4	5,260.3
TOTAL	2,547.5	2,676.4	7,347.0	7,934.9

*For value of the rupee--see Glossary.

Table 19. Nepal: Disbursement of Foreign Aid, Fiscal Years 1976-86

(in millions of rupees)*
Fiscal Year	Committed	Disbursed	Difference
1976	1,415.7	505.6	910.1
1977	1,911.2	556.9	1,354.3
1978	1,956.2	848.4	1,107.8
1979	2,417.3	980.4	1,436.9
1980	1,911.6	1,340.5	571.1
1981	4,012.6	1,462.2	2,550.4
1982	2,886.1	1,723.2	1,162.9
1983	2,959.2	2,075.9	883.3
1984	3,099.6	2,547.5	552.1
1985	5,991.4	2,676.4	3,315.0
1986	9,504.2	3,491.5	6,012.7

*For value of the rupee--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Babu Ram Shrestha, Managing External Assistance in Nepal, Kathmandu, 1990, 94, 116.

Table 20. Nepal: Power and Irrigation Facilities, 1956-90

**(in hectares)**
Period	Area
First Plan (1956-61)	5,200
Second Plan (1962-65)	1,035
Third Plan (1965-70)	52,860
Fourth Plan (1970-75)	37,733
Fifth Plan (1975-80)	95,425
Sixth Plan (1980-85)	172,649
Seventh Plan (1985-90)	217,845
TOTAL	582,747

Source: Based on information from Nepal, National Planning Commission, Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocket Book: Nepal, 1990, Kathmandu, 1990, 117.

Table 21. Nepal: Production of Principal Crops, Fiscal Years 1986-89

**(in thousands of tons)**
Crop	1986	1987	1988	1989*
Barley	23	25*	24	27
Corn	874	868	901	1,072
Jute	61	23	15	18
Millet	138	137	150	183
Oilseeds	79	83	94	99
Potatoes	357	395	567	640
Rice (paddy)	2,804	2,372	2,981	3,283
Sugarcane	558	616*	814	903
Tobacco	5	5	4	5
Wheat	598	701	744	830

*Estimate.

Source: Based on information from Nepal, National Planning Commission, Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocket Book: Nepal, 1990, Kathmandu, 1990, 40.