PANAMA - A Country Study

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• PANAMA
• Foreword
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• PREFACE
• COUNTRY PROFILE
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • THE CONQUEST
  • THE SPANISH COLONY
  • THE COLOMBIA DEPARTMENT
    • Independence from Spain
    • The California Gold Rush and the Railroad
    • The Uncompleted French Canal
    • The Spillover from Colombia's Civil Strife
  • THE UNITED STATES PROTECTORATE
    • The 1903 Treaty and Qualified Independence
    • Organizing the New Republic
    • Building the Canal
    • United States Intervention and Strained Relations
    • A New Accommodation
  • THE BISECTED REPUBLIC
    • The War Years
    • The National Guard in Ascendance
    • The Politics of Frustrated Nationalism
  • THE NEGOTIATION OF NEW TREATIES
    • The 1964 Riots
    • The Oligarchy under Fire
    • The Government of Torrijos and the National Guard
    • The Treaty Negotiations
    • The 1977 Treaties and Associated Agreements
    • Torrijos Government Undertakes "Democratization"
  • THE POST-TORRIJOS ERA
    • Torrijos's Sudden Death
    • Noriega Takes Control
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • POPULATION
    • Regions of Settlement
    • Size and Growth
  • ETHNIC GROUPS
    • Antillean Blacks
    • Indians
      • Cuna
      • Guaymí
  • SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
    • Family and Kin
    • Rural Society
    • Migration
    • Urban Society
      • The Elite
      • The Middle Class
      • The Lower Class
  • RELIGION
  • EDUCATION
  • HEALTH AND WELFARE
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
    • Changing Structure of the Economy
    • Recent Economic Performance
  • ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
    • Monetary Policy
    • Fiscal Policy
      • Budget Process
      • Revenues
      • Expenditures
  • HUMAN RESOURCES AND INCOME
    • Employment
    • Wage Policy and Labor Code
    • Income Distribution
  • PANAMA CANAL
    • Role of the Canal From 1903 to 1977
    • Economic Implications of the 1977 Treaties
    • Current Use and Future of the Canal
  • SERVICES
    • Transportation and Communication
      • Oil Pipeline
      • Colón Free Zone
    • Finance
    • Tourism
  • AGRICULTURE
    • Land Use
    • Land Tenure and Agrarian Reform
    • Crops
    • Livestock
    • Fishing and Forestry
  • INDUSTRY
    • Manufacturing
    • Mining
    • Construction
    • Energy
  • FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS
    • Trade
    • Balance of Payments
    • External Debt
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • THE CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
  • THE GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM
    • The Executive
    • The Legislature
    • The Judiciary
    • State Agencies and the Regulation of Public Employees
    • Provincial and Municipal Government
  • NATIONALISM, POPULISM, AND MILITARISM: THE LEGACY OF OMAR TORRIJOS
  • POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE POST-TORRIJOS ERA
  • POLITICAL FORCES
    • Political Parties
    • The Panama Defense Forces
    • Business, Professional, and Labor Organizations
    • Students
    • The Roman Catholic Church
    • The Communications Media
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
    • Relations with the United States: The Panama Canal
    • Other Aspects of Panamanian-United States Relations
    • Relations with Central America
    • Bilateral Relations with Other Nations
    • Multilateral Relations
    • Foreign Policy Decision Making
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
  • MISSIONS AND ORGANIZATION OF THE DEFENSE FORCES
    • The General Staff
    • Military Zones
    • Ground Forces
    • Panamanian Air Force and National Navy
    • Police Forces
    • National Guard
  • ADMINISTRATION AND OPERATIONS OF THE DEFENSE FORCES
    • Manpower
    • Training
    • Foreign Military Assistance
    • Canal Defense
    • Involvement in Political and Economic Affairs
  • UNITED STATES FORCES IN PANAMA
  • ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
    • Criminal Justice
    • The Penal System
    • Incidence of Crime
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• Appendices
  • Appendix A. Tables
  • Appendix B. Texts of the Panama Canal Treaties with United States Senate Modifications
• Bibliography
• Glossary