PERU - A Country Study

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• PERU
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• COUNTRY PROFILE
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • ANDEAN SOCIETIES BEFORE THE CONQUEST
    • Pre-Inca Cultures
    • The Incas
  • THE SPANISH CONQUEST, 1532-72
    • Pizarro and the Conquistadors
    • Consolidation of Control
  • THE COLONIAL PERIOD, 1550-1824
    • Demographic Collapse
    • The Colonial Economy
    • Colonial Administration
    • The Colonial Church
    • Indigenous Rebellions
  • INDEPENDENCE IMPOSED FROM WITHOUT, 1808-24
  • POSTINDEPENDENCE DECLINE AND INSTABILITY, 1824-45
  • THE GUANO ERA, 1845-70
    • Consolidation of the State
    • Failed Development
  • THE WAR OF THE PACIFIC, 1879-83
  • RECOVERY AND GROWTH, 1883-1930
    • The New Militarism, 1886-95
    • The Aristocratic Republic, 1895-1914
    • Impact of World War I
    • The Eleven-Year Rule, 1919-30
  • MASS POLITICS AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 1930-68
    • Impact of the Depression and World War II
    • Rural Stagnation and Social Mobilization, 1948-68
  • FAILED REFORM AND ECONOMIC DECLINE, 1968-85
    • Military Reform from Above, 1968-80
    • Return to Democratic Rule, 1980-85
    • Peru at the Crossroads
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • ENVIRONMENT AND POPULATION
    • Natural Systems and Human Life
      • The Coastal Region
      • The Andean Highlands
      • High-Altitude Adaptations
      • The Amazonian Tropics
      • The Maritime Region
      • Natural Disasters and Their Impact
    • People, Property, and Farming Systems
  • HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND POPULATION THROUGH TIME
    • Settlement Patterns
    • Urban, Rural, and Regional Populations
    • Demography of Growth, Migration, and Work
      • Population Policy and Family Planning
      • Lima and the Patterns of Migration
    • Regionalism and Political Divisions
  • CULTURE, CLASS, AND HIERARCHY IN SOCIETY
    • Indigenous Peoples
    • Legacy of Peonage
    • Elites
    • Military Classes
    • Urban Classes
  • ASPECTS OF FAMILY LIFE
    • Urban Informal Sector
    • Domestic Servants
    • Godparenthood
    • Rural Family and Household
  • COMMUNITY LIFE AND INSTITUTIONS
    • Catholicism and Community
    • Community Leadership
    • Landlords and Peasant Revolts in the Highlands
    • Shining Path and Its Impact
  • EDUCATION, LANGUAGE, AND LITERACY
    • Educational System
    • Universities
  • HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE
    • Historical Background
      • Orientation Toward Primary Product Exports
    • Structures of Production
      • Agriculture
      • Fishing
      • Manufacturing
      • Mining and Energy
      • Services
      • Banking
      • Transportation and Communications
      • Tourism
    • Foreign Trade and the Balance of Payments
      • Export and Import Structures
      • Economic Implications of Coca
      • Balance of Payments and External Debt
    • Employment and Wages, Poverty, and Income Distribution
      • Employment
      • Wages
      • Organized Labor
      • Poverty
      • Income Distribution
  • ECONOMIC POLICIES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES
    • The Velasco Government
      • Land Reform
      • Labor and Capital in the Industrial Sector
      • Protection and Promotion of Industry
      • Nationalizations and State Firms
      • Macroeconomic Imbalance: Domestic and External
    • The Search for New Directions, 1975-90
      • The Second Belaúnde Government, 1980-85
      • The García Government, 1985-90
      • The Fujimori Government, 1990-91
  • OUTSTANDING ISSUES
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM
    • Constitutional Development
    • The Executive
    • The Legislature
    • The Judiciary
    • Public Administration
    • Local and Regional Government
      • Municipal Governments
      • Regional Governments
    • The Electoral System
  • POLITICAL DYNAMICS
    • Political Parties
      • American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
      • Popular Action
      • The Christian Democrats
      • The Democratic Front
      • The Left
      • Change '90
    • Nonparty Organizations
  • INTEREST GROUPS
    • The Military
    • The Church
    • Economic Associations
    • Labor Unions
    • Students
    • News Media
  • POLITICAL TRENDS
    • Roots of the 1990-91 Crisis
    • The Transition to Democracy
    • The García Government, 1985-90
    • The 1990 Campaign and Elections
    • Impact of the "Fujishock" Program
    • Prospects for the Fujimori Government
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
    • Foreign Relations Under García
    • Foreign Relations Under Fujimori
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • THE ARMED FORCES IN SOCIETY AND POLITICS
    • Changing Role Over Time: Preconquest
    • Colonial Period
    • Postindependence: Military Defeat and Nation-Building
    • Guardian of the New Liberal Elite
    • Reformer and Agent of Change
    • Protector of Democracy
    • Changing Constitutional Basis
    • Changing Foreign Military Missions and Impacts
  • THE ARMED FORCES
    • Mission and Organization
    • Training
    • Army
    • Navy
    • Air Force
    • Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
    • The Military in the 1990s
  • POLICE FORCES
    • General Police
    • Security Police
    • Technical Police
  • CHANGING THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY
    • External Threats
    • Internal Threats
      • Guerrillas in the 1960s
      • Guerrillas Insurgency, 1980-92
      • Narcotics Trafficking
  • CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
    • Rising Crime Rates
    • Penal Code
    • Penal System
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary