PORTUGAL - A Country Study

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• PORTUGAL
• Foreward
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
  • Country
  • Society
  • Economy
  • Transportation and Communications
  • Government and Politics
  • National Security
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • ORIGINS OF PORTUGAL
    • Early Inhabitants
    • Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians
    • Romanization
    • Germanic Invasions
    • Muslim Domination
    • Christian Reconquest
  • FORMATION OF THE MONARCHY
    • Afonso Henriques Becomes King
    • Territorial Enlargement
    • Settlement and Cultivation
    • Political and Social Organization
    • Control of the Royal Patrimony
    • Development of the Realm
  • THE HOUSE OF AVIS
    • Wars with Castile
    • Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
    • Social Revolution
    • Intradynastic Struggle
    • Assertion of Royal Supremacy
  • MARITIME EXPANSION
    • Early Voyages
    • Sea Route to India
    • Empire in Asia
    • Colonization of Brazil
    • Counter-Reformation and Overseas Evangelization
  • IMPERIAL DECLINE
    • Dynastic Crisis
    • Iberian Union
    • Restoration
    • Development of Brazil
    • Absolutism
    • Peninsular Wars
  • CONSTITUTIONALISM
    • Revolution of 1820
    • War of the Two Brothers
    • Moderate vs. Radical Liberals
    • Rotativismo
    • Portuguese Africa
  • REPUBLICANISM
    • The First Republic
    • Military Dictatorship
    • The New State
    • The Social State
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
  • DEMOGRAPHY
    • Population Size and Structure
    • Emigration
  • FAMILY AND KINSHIP RELATIONS
    • Family
    • Women
    • The Extended Family and Kinship Relations
  • SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL CLASSES
    • The Elite
    • The Middle Class
    • The Lower Class
    • A New Portugal?
  • ETHNICITY AND ETHNIC GROUPS
  • RELIGION AND THE ROLE OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH
    • History
    • The Salazar Regime
    • Changes After the Revolution of 1974
    • Religious Practices
    • Non-Catholic Religious Groups
  • EDUCATION
  • SOCIAL WELFARE
    • Social Welfare Programs
    • Health Care
    • Housing
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • ECONOMIC GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE
    • The Economy of the Salazar Regime
    • Changing Structure of the Economy
    • Economic Growth, 1960-73 and 1981-90
  • REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE
    • Nationalization
    • The Brain Drain
  • ROLE OF THE CONSOLIDATED PUBLIC SECTOR
    • The Nonfinancial Public Enterprises
    • The General Government
    • Macroeconomic Disequilibria and Public Debt
  • HUMAN RESOURCES AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION
    • Employment and Sectoral Composition of the Labor Force
    • Wages and the Distribution of Income
  • AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHING
    • Agricultural Zones
    • Crops and Livestock
    • Forestry and Fishing
    • Land Tenure and Agrarian Reform
    • Agricultural Policy and the European Community
  • THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
    • Industrial Regions
    • Industrial Organization
    • Energy and Mineral Resources
  • SERVICES
    • Commerce and Tourism
    • Transportation and Communications
    • Banking and Finance
  • FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS
    • Composition and Direction of Trade
    • The Balance of International Payments
    • Tourism and Unilateral Transfers
    • Foreign Direct Investment
    • External Public Debt
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • THE REVOLUTION OF 1974 AND THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY
    • The Salazar-Caetano Era
    • Spínola and Revolution
    • The Transition to Civilian Rule
    • Consolidation of Democracy
  • THE GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM
    • Constitutional Development
    • The Presidency
    • The Council of State
    • The Prime Minister
    • The Council of Ministers
    • The Assembly of the Republic
    • The Judiciary
    • Civil Service
    • Local Government
    • Autonomous Regions and Macau
    • The Electoral System
  • POLITICAL DYNAMICS
    • Political Parties
      • Far Left
      • Portuguese Communist Party
      • Socialist Party
      • Social Democrat Party
      • Party of the Social Democratic Center
      • Far Right
      • Popular Monarchist Party
      • Other Parties
    • Interest Groups
      • Armed Forces
      • Roman Catholic Church
      • Economic Elites
      • Organized Labor
      • Middle Class
      • Students and Intellectuals
      • Peasants
    • Political Events Since 1987
  • THE MEDIA
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
    • Africa
    • Western Europe
    • United States
    • Other Countries and Areas
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
    • The Military in the Salazar Era
    • The Role of the Armed Forces in Africa
      • Angola
      • Portuguese Guinea
      • Mozambique
  • ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN PORTUGUESE POLITICAL LIFE
    • The Military Takeover of 1974
    • The Armed Forces in Political Life after 1975
  • STRATEGIC CONCEPTS UNDERLYING THE PORTUGUESE DEFENSE POSTURE
  • THE ARMED FORCES
    • Army
    • Navy
    • Air Force
    • Conditions of Service
    • Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
    • Defense Expenditures
  • PORTUGAL AND NATO
  • BILATERAL MILITARY RELATIONS WITH OTHER COUNTRIES
  • DOMESTIC DEFENSE PRODUCTION
  • PUBLIC ORDER AND INTERNAL SECURITY
    • The Police System
    • National Republican Guard
    • Public Security Police
    • Other Police Forces
    • Intelligence Services
    • Terrorist Groups
  • JUDICIAL SYSTEM
    • Criminal Law Procedure
    • Incidence of Crime
    • Penal System
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary