Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Students, Teachers, and Institutions by Level of Education, 1990-911

Level of Education	Males	Females	Total
Students2
Primary	919,949	768,934	1,688,883
Intermediate	279,770	216,594	496,364
Secondary	127,042	114,231	241,273
Higher
University colleges3	73,166	37,562	110,728
Girls' colleges	0	19,570	19,570
Total higher	73,166	57,132	130,298
Total students	1,399,927	1,156,891	2,556,818
Teachers
Primary	55,381	45,321	100,702
Intermediate	20,559	15,159	35,718
Secondary	8,195	8,058	16,253
Higher
University colleges3	7,251	1,407	8,658
Girls' colleges	135	979	1,114
Total higher	7,386	2,386	9,772
Total teachers	91,521	70,924	162,445
Institutions
Primary	4,806	3,574	8,380
Intermediate	1,766	1,057	2,823
Secondary	581	486	1,067
Higher
University colleges3	67	0	67
Girls' colleges	0	11	11
Total higher	67	11	78
Total institutions	7,220	5,128	12,348

1 Table includes only institutions under the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Higher Education, and the Directorate General of Girls' Education.
2 Female students are under the supervision of the Directorate General of Girls' Education except those female students at university colleges.
3 Includes girls' sections.

Source: Based on information from Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, Annual Report, 1410-1411, [1990], Riyadh, 1991, 119, 121.

Table 3. Health Facilities and Medical Personnel, 1987-88 Through 1990-91*

	1987-88	1988-89	1989- 90	1990-91
Hospitals	157	162	162	163
Beds	25,902	26,315	25,918	25,835
Primary health-care centers	1,438	1,477	1,639	1,668
Physicians	11,326	11,940	12,617	12,959
Nurses	25,986	27,169	28,266	29,124
Pharmacists and technicians	12,793	14,013	15,125	15,329

* Includes Ministry of Health facilities only. In 1990-91 other ministries and government bodies had thirty-one additional hospitals with 3,785 beds. In addition, sixty-four private hospitals had 6,479 hospital beds.

Source: Based on information from Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, Annual Report, 1410-1411 [1990], Riyadh, 1991, 125-26.

Table 4. Government Budget, 1986-911

**(in millions of riyals)2**
	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991
Revenues
Oil	164,500	154,250	74,183	73,525	n.a.	85,910
Other	49,600	45,750	32,743	31,775	n.a.	32,090
Total revenues	214,100	200,000	106,926	105,300	n.a.	118,000
Expenditures
Human resources development	30,413	24,533	23,689	23,388	24,004	25,869
Transportation and communications	22,173	14,497	10,904	9,493	8,516	8,006
Economic resources development	12,533	9,081	6,615	5,888	5,039	4,719
Health and social development	16,134	12,892	11,094	10,806	10,634	11,239
Infrastructure development	9,833	6,924	4,299	3,555	2,807	2,586
Municipal services	17,063	11,890	8,110	7,017	5,430	5,520
Defense and security	79,892	63,956	54,226	50,080	47,812	48,689
Public administration	43,928	38,584	30,974	25,058	31,345	29,188
Government lending institutions	17,500	9,300	3,590	590	n.a.	n.a.
Local subsidies	10,529	8,343	6,145	5,325	4,873	7,184
Total expenditures	259,998	200,000	159,646	141,200	140,460	143,000
TOTAL	-45,898	0	-52,720	- 35,900	n.a.	-25,000

n.a.--not available.
1 As of 1986, Saudi Arabia changed from a fiscal year based on the Islamic lunar calendar to a fiscal year beginning December 31 and ending December 30.
2 For value of the riyal--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, Research and Statistics Department, Statistical Summary, 1410-1411 [1990], Riyadh, 1991, 123.

Table 5. Gross Domestic Product by Sector, 1985-89

(in millions of constant 1970 riyals)*
Sector	1985	1986	1987	198 8	1989
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	3,193	3,673	4,275	4,736	5,068
Crude petroleum and natural gas	7,402	11,160	9,578	11,672	11,581
Other mining and quarrying	182	177	173	175	181
Petroleum refining	2,383	2,481	3,191	3,673	3,369
Other manufacturing	3,071	2,985	2,975	3,064	3,186
Electricity, gas, and water	979	1,033	1,093	1,159	1,218
Construction	4,259	3,732	3,627	3,446	3,428
Wholesale and retail trade	8,417	8,097	7,956	7,877	7,798
Transportation and communications	4,522	4,398	4,293	4,336	4,358
Finance, real estate, and business services	4,833	4,084	3,995	4,066	4,115
Community, social, and personal services	864	829	819	845	858
Producers of government services	5,185	5,199	5,175	5,191	5,329
Import duties	369	312	337	810	658
Imputed bank service charges	- 355	-337	-323	-317	-322
TOTAL	45,304	47,823	47,164	50,733	50,825

* For value of the riyal--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, Research and Statistics Department, Statistical Summary, 1410-1411 [1990], Riyadh, 1991, 132-35.

Table 6. Oil and Gas Reserves, Discoveries, and Production, 1986-901

	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990
Oil2
Reserves
Saudi Arabia	167	167	252	258	259
Divided Zone	3	3	3	3	2
Total reserves	170	170	2553	2613	261
Cumulative discoveries	223	225	226	233	235
Gas4
Reserves
Saudi Arabia	142	177	180	181	n.a.
Divided Zone	6	6	6	6	n.a.
Total reserves	148	183	186	187	n.a.
Discoveries	13.1	7.4	0.0	4.5	2.0

n.a.--not available.
1 As published.
2 In billions of barrels.
3 Based on reestimation.
4 In trillions of cubic feet.

Source: Based on Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, Annual Statistical Bulletin, 1991, Vienna, 1991, 11.

Table 7. Petroleum Exports, 1986-91

**(in millions of barrels per day)**
	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991
Crude oil	3.270	2.420	3.030	3.340	4.820	6.740
Refined products
Base oils	0.028	0.015	0.038	0.011	n.a.	n.a.
Gasoline	0.142	0.220	0.252	0.263	n.a.	n.a.
Kerosene and jet fuel	0.041	0.091	0.100	0.155	n.a.	n.a.
Diesel oil	0.183	0.260	0.225	0.119	n.a.	n.a.
Fuel oil	0.062	0.136	0.203	0.209	n.a.	n.a.
Other	0.002	0.000	0.001	0.001	n.a.	n.a.
Total refined products	0.458	0.722	0.819	0.758	0.734	0.612
Liquid petroleum gas	0.298	0.334	0.402	0.417	0.530	0.615
TOTAL	4.026	3.476	4.251	4.515	6.084	7.967

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from United States, Embassy in Riyadh, 1991 Oil Survey: Saudi Arabia, July 1991, n.p.

Table 8. Direction of Oil Exports by Region, 1986-90

**(in percentages)**
Region	1986	1987	1988	198 9	1990
Asia	40.5	50.1	43.3	43.7	46.7
Western Europe	34.6	22.3	24.1	21.8	18.4
North America	18.6	21.6	26.0	29.9	27.2
Latin America	5.7	4.4	4.6	2.7	3.7
Africa	0.6	1.6	2.0	1.9	4.0
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Source: Based on information from International Monetary Fund, Saudi Arabia: Recent Economic Developments, Washington, 1990, Table 25, 74.

Table 9. Production of Major Crops, 1985-86 Through 1989-90

**(in thousands of tons)**
Crop	1985-86	1986-87	1987- 88	1988-89	1989-90
Barley	120	154	285	331	362
Citrus fruits	11	27	27	35	35
Dates	457	503	514	518	520
Eggplant	39	37	65	83	83
Grapes	83	86	93	96	100
Sorghum	43	117	126	163	200
Tomatoes	327	427	401	437	463
Watermelons	364	420	428	455	461
Wheat	2,290	2,649	3,267	3,285	3,464

Source: Based on information from Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, Research and Statistics Department, Statistical Summary, 1410-1411 [1990], Riyadh, 1991, 121; and Ministry of Finance and National Economy, Central Department of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook, 1408 [1988], Riyadh, n.d., 591.

Table 10. Direction of Trade with Industrialized and Developing Countries, 1987- 91

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991
Exports
Industrialized countries
Japan	5,128	4,106	4,943	8,427	9,174
United States	4,477	5,265	7,284	10,652	11,049
West Germany	307	556	283	263	1,137
Other	4,985	5,459	6,163	8,754	12,971
Total industrialized countries	14,897	15,386	18,673	28,096	34,331
Developing countries
Asia	4,290	4,711	5,157	8,475	10,887
Middle East	1,948	1,996	2,498	4,089	3,008
Latin America	907	948	660	1,478	1,375
Africa	316	420	396	1,121	988
Other	194	201	305	1,092	1,072
Total developing countries	7,655	8,276	9,016	16,255	17,330
Unallocated	50	75	52	65	58
Total exports	22,602	23,737	27,741	44,416	51,719
Imports
Industrialized countries
Japan	3,470	3,483	3,014	3,689	4,292
United States	3,069	3,540	3,843	4,022	7,229
West Germany	1,556	1,575	1,324	1,774	2,656
Other	6,873	7,229	7,559	9,068	13,154
Total industrialized countries	14,968	15,827	15,740	18,553	27,331
Developing countries
Asia	3,303	3,555	3,140	3,154	4,845
Middle East	710	889	964	915	831
Latin America	302	426	337	388	435
Africa	202	285	184	376	433
Other	501	645	634	523	549
Total developing countries	5,018	5,800	5,259	5,356	7,093
Unallocated	124	157	154	160	163
Total imports	20,110	21,784	21,153	24,069	34,587

Source: Based on information from International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook, 1992, Washington, 1992, 341-42.

Table 11. Balance of Payments, 1986-90

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990
Merchandise exports	20,125	23,138	24,315	28,299	44,283
Merchandise imports	17,066	18,283	19,805	19,231	21,490
Trade balance	3,059	4,855	4,510	9,068	22,793
Service exports	13,944	13,114	12,809	13,012	12,502
Service imports	20,995	19,506	15,651	20,766	23,365
Service balance	-7,051	-6,392	-2,842	-7,754	-10,863
Official transfers, net	- 3,000	-3,300	- 2,499	-2,200	- 4,401
Private transfers, net	-4,804	-4,935	-6,510	-8,342	-11,637
Unrequited transfers, net	- 7,804	-8,235	- 9,009	-10,542	- 16,038
Current account balance	- 11,796	-9,772	- 7,341	-9,228	- 4,108
Direct foreign investment	967	-1,175	-328	- 312	n.a.
Portfolio foreign investment	3,451	6,150	3,057	-1,786	n.a.
Direct foreign investment, net	4,418	4,975	2,729	-2,098	n.a.
Bank deposits	-4,561	-1,423	-2,216	473	-2,417
Other sectors	4,319	8,862	5,308	7,346	1,147
Other capital, net	-242	7,439	3,092	7,819	-1,270
Capital account balance	4,176	12,414	5,821	5,721	-1,270
Change in reserves (minus sign means increase)	7,620	-2,642	1,520	3,507	5,378

n.a.--not available.

Sou rce: Based on information from International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics Yearbook, 1992, Washington, 1992, 610-11; and Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, Research and Statistics Department, Statistical Summary, 1410-1411 [1990], Riyadh, 1991, 120.

Table 12. Major Equipment, Royal Saudi Land Forces, 1992

Type and Description	Country of Origin	Estimated in Inventory
Tanks
AMX-30	France	300
M-60A3	United States	400
Armored vehicles
AML 60/90 armored cars	France	235
AMX-10P infantry fighting vehicles	- do-	500+
M-2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicles	United States	200
M-113 personnel carriers	-do-	1,700
EE-11 Urutu personnel carriers	Brazil	30
Panhard M-3 personnel carriers	France	150
Self-propelled artillery
M-109A1B/A2 155mm howitzers	United States	100
GCT 155mm howitzers	France	60
Towed artillery
M-56 pack 105mm	United States	24
M-101/102 105mm (in store)	-do-	40
M-198 155mm	-do-	90
Multiple rocket launchers
ASTROS II 180mm	Brazil	70
Mortars
107mm, 120mm	various	400
Antitank guided weapons
TOW, self-propelled	United States	200
M-47 Dragon	Britain	n.a.
HOT self-propelled	France	90
Recoilless rifles
75mm, 84mm, 90mm, 106mm	various	n.a.
Surface-to-surface missile launchers/CSS-2 intermediate range	China	30
Surface-to-air missiles
Crotale	France	n.a.
Stinger	United States	n.a.
Redeye	-do-	500
Helicopters
UH-60 Blackhawk (transport)	-do-	17
SA-365N medical evacuation	France	6

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1992- 1993, London, 1992, 120.

Table 13. Major Equipment, Royal Saudi Air Force, 1992

Type and Description	Country of Origin	Number in Inventory
Fighter-ground attack aircraft
F-5E Tiger II	United States	52
Tornado IDS	Britain	45
Air defense aircraft
F-15C Eagle	United States	78
Tornado ADV	Britain	24
Reconnaissance aircraft
RF-5E Tiger	United States	10
Transport aircraft
C-130E/H Hercules	-do-	41
L-100-30HS (hospital)	-do-	5
CASA C-212	Spain/Indonesia	35
Airborne early warning
E-3A	United States	5
Jet fighter conversion trainer/F-5B/F	-do-	35
F-15D	-do-	20
Training
BAC-167 Strikemaster	Britain	32
Hawk Mk 60	-do-	30
Pilatus PC-9	Britain/Switzerland	30
Tankers
KE-3A	United States	8
KC-130H	-do-	7
Helicopters
AB-205 Iroquois	Italy	8
AB-206B Jet Ranger	-do-	13
AB-212 Agusta	-do-	27
KV-107 Kawasaki	Japan	7

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1992- 193, London, 1992, 121.

Table 14. Major Weapons, Royal Saudi Air Defense Forces, 1992

Type and Description	Country of Origin	Number in Inventory
Surface-to-air missile launchers
Improved Hawk	United States	16
Shahine (mounted on AMX-30SA)	France	17
Shahine (static defense)	-do-	73
Antiaircraft guns
M-163 Vulcan 20mm, self-propelled	United States	92
30mm (mounted on AMX-30SA)	France	50
Oerlikon-Buhrle, 35mm	Switzerland	128
Bofors L-70 40mm (in store)	Sweden	150

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1992- 1993, London, 1992, 121.

Table 15. Major Equipment, Royal Saudi Naval Forces, 1992

Type and Description	Origin	Number	Date Commissioned or Entered Service
Frigates
Medina class (F-2000), 2,870 tons, Otomat missiles, 100mm gun	France	4	1985-86
Corvettes
Badr class (PCG-1), 870 tons, Harpoon missiles	United States	4	1980-83
Fast attack craft
As Siddiq (US 58-m), Harpoon missiles	-do-	9	1980- 82
Dammam (Jaguar) torpedo craft	West Germany	3	1969
Mine warfare
MSC-322 minesweepers	United States	4	1978- 79
Sandown class minesweepers	Britain	3*	1991-93
Amphibious
Landing craft, utility (LCU) 610 type	United States	4	n.a.
Landing craft, medium (LCM)	United States	West Germany	8	n.a.
Helicopters
AS-365N Dauphin (20 with antiship missiles, 4 search and air rescue)	France	24	1989-90
AS-332 B	F Super Puma (6 with torpedoes, 6 with AM 39 Exocet missiles)	-do-	12	n.a.

*--being delivered.
n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from Jane's Information Group, Jane's Fighting Ships, 1991-92, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1991, 473-78; and The Military Balance, 1992- 1993, London, 1992, 120-21.

Table 16. Major Equipment, Saudi Arabian National Guard, 1992

Type and Description	Country of Origin	Number in Inventory
Armored personnel carriers
V-150 Commando, wheeled	United States	1,100
Towed artillery
M-102 105mm howitzers	-do-	30
M-198 155mm howitzers	-do-	4
Recoilless rifles
M40A1 106mm	-do-	n.a.
Antitank guided weapons
TOW missiles	-do-	n.a.

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1992- 1993, London, 1992, 121.