Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Population Growth, Selected Years, 1824-1988

(as percentage of total population)
Year	Chinese	Malays	Indians	Others	Total Population*
1824	31	60	7	2	10,683
1840	50	37	10	3	35,389
1860	61	20	16	3	81,734
1891	67	20	9	4	181,602
1911	72	14	9	5	303,321
1931	75	12	10	4	557,745
1947	78	12	8	2	938,144
1957	75	14	7	2	1,445,929
1970	76	15	7	2	2,074,507
1980	77	15	6	2	2,413,945
1987	76	15	7	2	2,612,800
1988	76	15	6	2	2,670,000

*Figures man not add to total because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Cheng Lim-Keak, Social Change and the Chinese in Singapore, Singapore, 1985, 7; Singapore Facts and Pictures, 1988. Singapore, 1988, 3; and Singapore Bulletin [Singapore], April 1989, 15.

Table 3. Population by Ethnic Group and Language, 1980

Ethnic Group and Language	Number	Percentage of Ethnic Group	Percentage of Total Population
Chinese
Hokkien	799,202	43	33.0
Teochiu	409,269	22	17.0
Cantonese	305,956	16	13.0
Hainanese	137,438	8	6.0
Hakka	131,975	7	6.0
Other Chinese	72,397	4	3.0
Total	1,856,237	100	78.0
Malays
Malays	312,889	89	13.0
Javanese	21,230	6	0.9
Boyanese	14,292	4	0.6
Other Malays	3,097	1	0.1
Total	351,508	100	14.6
Indians
Tamil	98,772	64	4.0
Malayali	12,451	8	0.5
Punjabi	12,025	8	0.5
Gujarati	1,619	1	0.1
Other Indians	29,767	19	1.0
Total	154,634	100	6.1
Miscellaneous
European	23,169	45	1.0
Eurasian	10,172	20	0.4
Japanese	7,590	15	0.3
Arab	2,491	5	0.1
Others	8,164	16	0.3
Total	51,586	100	2.1
TOTAL*	2,413,965

*Figures many not add to total because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Eddie C.Y. Kuo and Seen-kong Chiew, Ethnicity and Fertility in Singapore, Singapore, 1984, 9.

Table 4. Singapore Chinese Speech Groups and Their Alternate Names

Singapore Group	Alternate Names
Hokkien	Fujian, Fukien, Amony, Xiamen, Hsia-men
Teochiu	Chaozhou, Chao-chou, Swatow, Shantou, Teochew, Chaochou
Cantonese	Guangzhou, Kuang- chou
Hainanese	Hailam, Qiongzhou, Ch'iung- chou
Hakka	Kejia, K'e-chia
Hokchiu	Fuzhou, Foochow
Hokchia	Fuqing, Fu-ch'ing
Henghua	Xinghua, Hsing-hua
Sam Kiang	Sanjiang, San-chiang, Shanghai

Source: Based on information from Cheng Lim-Keak, Social Change and the Chinese in Singapore, Singapore, 1985, 15-23.

Table 5. School Enrollment, Selected Years, 1972-88

School	1972	1980	1985	198 8
Primary schools	354,748	299,252	278,060	259,270
Secondary schools	161,371	173,693	190,328	201,755
Technical and vocational institutes	5,841	12,542	18,894	26,911
Universities and colleges	15,206	22,511	39,693	46,904
TOTAL	537,166	507,998	526,975	534,840

Source: Based on information from Singapore, Ministry of Communications and Information, Singapore Facts and Pictures, 1989, Singapore, 1989, 73.

Table 6. Employed Persons Aged Fifteen Years and Over by Sector, 1984-88

	1984		1985		1986		1987		1988
Occupational Group	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage
Manufacturing	322,200	27.4	293,800	25.5	290,100	25.2	318,900	26.7	352,600	28.5
Construction	99,800	8.5	102,800	8.9	99,500	8.7	91,500	7.7	83,300	6.7
Commerce	264,600	22.5	271,100	23.5	265,700	23.1	279,400	23.4	283,600	22.9
Transport, storage, and communications	122,400	10.4	117,000	10.1	114,100	9.9	120,900	10.1	120,200	9.7
Finance, insurance, real estate, and business services	100,900	8.6	100,700	8.7	99,900	8.7	105,700	8.9	111,400	9.0
Community, social, and personal services	242,200	20.6	248,300	21.5	259,200	22.6	256,700	21.5	271,600	21.9
Others1	22,700	1.9	20,600	1.8	20,500	1.8	19,800	1.7	15,800	1.3
TOTAL2	1,174,800	100.0	1,154,300	100.0	1,149,000	100.0	1,192,900	100.0	1,238,500	100.0

1Includes agriculture, fishing, mining, quarrying, and utilities.
2Figures may not add to total because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Singapore, Ministry of Communications and Information, Singapore, 1989, Singapore, 1989, 292.

Table 7. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by Industry,Selected Years, 1978-88

(in millions of Singapore dollars)*
Industry	1978	1980	1982	1 984	1986	1988
Agriculture and fishing	237.7	322.0	349.1	339.7	244.5	203.4
Quarrying	37.5	82.2	128.1	132.2	75.6	51.2
Manufacturing	4,575.9	7,312.7	8,153.5	9,863.4	10,185.5	14,509.7
Utilities	351.5	555.0	600.9	773.0	1,056.9	1,135.2
Construction	1,118.8	1,613.2	3,146.1	4,943.7	3,149.1	2,755.9
Commerce	4,283.3	5,435.1	6,387.5	6,885.5	6,516.3	8,826.8
Transport and communications	2,554.7	3,522.2	4,435.8	5,222.3	5,297.0	6,625.0
Financial and business services	3,165.6	4,906.1	7,697.6	9,879.6	10,573.9	13,111.4
Other services	1,867.2	2,326.3	3,399.7	4,321.8	4,594.1	5,221.0
Less imported bank service charge	- 737.6	-1,410.9	-2,109.0-	2,827.4	-3,869.5	-4,990.0
Import duties	340.2	426.8	481.5	514.1	393.6	596.3
TOTAL	17,794.8	25,090.7	32,670.8	40,047.9	38,217.0	48,045.9

*For value of the Singapore dollar--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Singapore, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Economic Survey of Singapore, Singapore, Second Quarter 1989, 24.

Table 8. Balance of Payments, 1984-88

**(in billions of United States dollars)**
1984	1985	1986	1987	1988
Exports	22.7	21.5	21.3	27.3	39.0
Imports	26.7	24.4	23.4	29.8	41.8
Trade balance	-4.0	-2.9	-2.1	- 2.5	-2.8
Services	3.9	3.2	3.0	3.7	4.5
Transfers	-0.2	- 0.3	-0.4	-0.6	-0.7
Current account balance*	-0.4	-0.0	0.5	0.5	1.1

*Figures may not add to total because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from WEFA Group, World Economic Historical Data, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, April 1989, 266.

Table 9. Exports by Commodity, 1984-88

(in millions of Singapore dollars)*
Commodity	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988
Food, beverages, and tobacco	3,105	2,434	2,958	3,104	3,838
Crude materials	3,410	2,700	2,459	3,003	4,046
Mineral fuels and bunkers	16,179	16,452	12,361	12,198	12,353
Animal and vegetable oils	1,541	1,535	880	796	885
Chemicals and chemical products	2,464	2,717	2,840	3,762	5,199
Manufactured goods	7,033	6,976	7,675	10,079	7,579
Machinery and transport equipment	16,865	16,567	18,900	26,274	37,939
Miscellaneous	743	798	912	1,050	1,151
TOTAL	51,340	50,179	48,985	60,266	72,990

*For value of the Singapore dollar--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Singapore, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Economic Survey of Singapore, Singapore, Second Quarter 1989, 32.

Table 10. Imports by Commodity, 1984- 88

(in millions of Singapore dollars)*
Commodity	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988
Food, beverages, and tobacco	4,618	4,036	4,407	4,547	5,397
Crude materials	2,510	1,988	1,905	2,267	2,999
Mineral fuels	16,961	17,031	10,994	12,526	12,422
Animal and vegetable oils	1,436	1,380	720	792	941
Chemicals and chemical products	3,096	2,890	3,246	4,082	5,809
Manufactured goods	12,242	11,276	12,501	15,591	20,993
Machinery and transport equipment	19,420	18,317	20,781	27,534	38,299
Miscellaneous	850	898	991	1,078	1,367
TOTAL	61,133	57,816	55,545	68,417	88,227

*For value of the Singapore dollar--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Singapore, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Economic Survey of Singapore, Singapore, Second Quarter 1989, 31.

Table 11. Trade with Selected Countries, 1984-88

(in millions of Singapore dollars)*
Country	1984	1985	1986	19 87	1988
China
Imports	2,881	4,972	3,110	2,926	3,386
Exports	519	730	1,244	1,547	2,369
Hong Kong
Imports	1,281	1,082	1,310	1,802	2,432
Exports	3,176	3,197	3,183	3,815	4,944
Japan
Imports	11,218	9,870	11,052	14,029	19,364
Exports	4,807	4,722	4,204	5,449	6,828
Malaysia
Imports	9,180	8,301	7,403	9,477	12,929
Exports	8,324	7,787	7,245	8,560	10,721
Taiwan
Imports	1,998	1,922	2,244	3,144	3,997
Exports	830	855	1,097	1,637	2,235
United States
Imports	8,923	8,775	8,314	10,057	13,718
Exports	10,292	10,619	11,436	14,674	18,826
European Community
Imports	6,140	6,546	6,468	8,238	10,613
Exports	4,980	5,312	5,455	7,353	10,253
Total World
Imports	61,134	57,818	55,545	68,415	88,227
Exports	51,340	50,179	48,986	60,266	79,051

*For value of the Singapore dollar--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Singapore, Department of Statistics, Monthly Digest of Statistics, Singapore, July 1989, 36, 37.

Table 12. External Trade, 1984- 88

(in millions of Singapore dollars)*
	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988
Exports	51,340	50,179	48,985	60,266	79,051
Domestic exports	33,051	32,576	32,062	39,071	49,555
Re-exports	18,289	17,603	16,923	21,195	29,496
Imports	61,134	57,818	55,545	68,415	88,227
TOTAL TRADE	112,474	107,997	104,530	128,681	167,278

*For value of the Singapore dollar--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Singapore, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Economic Survey of Singapore, Singapore, Second Quarter 1989, 30.

Table 13. Defense Personnel and Expenditures, Selected Years, 1970-88

Year	1970	1975	1980	1985	1988
Personnel
Army	14,000	25,000	35,000	45,000	45,000
Air force	300	3,000	4,000	6,000	6,000
Navy	500	2,000	3,000	4,500	4,500
Reserves	6,000	12,000	50,000	132,000	182,000
Total personnel	20,800	42,000	92,000	187,500	237,500
Expenditures
Defense spending (in millions of United States dollars)	106.4	269	574	1,046	1,003
Defense as percentage of gross national product*	7.4	5.0	6.7	6.0	6.0

*Gross national product--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance (annuals 1970-71 through 1988-89), London, 1971-89.

Table 14. Major Equipment of the Singapore Armed Forces, 1988

Type and Description	Origin	In Inventory
Aircraft
A-4S/S1 (ground-attack fighter)	United States	63+
TA-4S/S1 (ground-attack fighter)	-do-	13+
F-74 (ground-attack fighter)	Britain	29
T-75 (ground-attack fighter)	Unknown	4
F-16 (ground-attack fighter)	United States	On order
F-5E (interceptor)	-do-	35
F-SF (interceptor)	-do-	9
E-2C (early warning)	-do-	4
C-130 (transport)	-do-	10
Skyvan 3m (transport)	Britain	6
S-211 (training)	Italy	30
SF-260(training)	-do-	26
Helicopters
UH-1B	United States	24
UH-1H	-do-	16
AS-332B	France	3
AS-332M	-do-	19
AS-350	-do-	6
AB-205	Italy/United States	4
Air-to-air missiles
AIM-9J Sidewinder	United States	Unknown
Surface-to-air missiles
Bloodhound 2	Britain	28
Rapier	-do-	Unknown
HAWK	United States	6
Naval vessels
Corvette (MCV)	West Germany and Singapore	6
Fast-attack craft (with Gabriel and Harpoon surface-to- surface missiles)	West Germany	6
Patrol craft	Britain and Singapore	6
Landing ship, tank (LCT)	United States	6
Minesweeper (MSC)	-do-	2
Tanks and armored personnel carriers
AMX-13 (light tank)	France	350
V-150/-200 (armored personnel carrier)	United States	250
M-113 (armored personnel carrier)	-do-	750
V-100 (armored personnel carrier)	-do-	30
Towed Artillery
M-71 (155mm)	Israel	38
M-114A1 (155mm)	Singapore	16
M-68 (155mm)	Israel	Unknown
FH-88 (155mm)	Singapore	Unknown
Rocket Launchers
89mm	Unknown	Unknown
Recoilless, guns
106mm	Unknown	90
84mm	Sweden	Unknown
Antiaircraft artillery
20mm	Unknown	30
35mm	Switzerland	34
40mm	Swedish	16
Surface-to-air missiles
RBS-70	Sweden	Unknown
Mortars
120mm	Unknown	50
160mm	Unknown	12

Source: Based on information from the International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (annuals 1970-71 through 1988-89), London, 1971-89.