SOMALIA - A Country Study

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• SOMALIA
• FOREWORD
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• COUNTRY PROFILE
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • THE SOMALIS: THEIR ORIGINS, MIGRATIONS, AND SETTLEMENT
    • Coastal Towns
    • Emergence of Adal
    • Mogadishu and Its Banaadir Hinterlands
    • The Somali Peninsula on the Eve of Imperial Partition
    • The Majeerteen Sultanates
  • IMPERIAL PARTITION
    • Mahammad Abdille Hasau's Dervish Resistance to Colonial Occupation
    • Consolidation of Colonial Rule
    • Somalia During World War II
    • British Military Administration
    • Trusteeship and Protectorate: The Road to Independence
  • FROM INDEPENDENCE TO REVOLUTION
    • Problems of National Integration
    • Pan-Somalism
    • Foreign Relations, 1960-69
    • The Husseen Government
    • The Igaal Government
    • Coup d'Etat
  • THE REVOLUTIONARY REGIME
    • Supreme Revolutionary Council
    • Challenges to the Regime
    • Siad Barre and Scientific Socialism
    • The Language and Literacy Issue
    • Creation of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
  • SOMALIA'S DIFFICULT DECADE, 1980-90
    • Entrenching Siad Barre's Personal Rule
    • Siad Barre's Repressive Measures
    • Persecution of the Majeerteen
    • Oppression of the Isaaq
    • Harrying of the Hawiye
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environemnt
  • PHYSICAL SETTING
    • Climate
    • Terrain, Vegetation, and Drainage
  • POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
  • THE SEGMENTARY SOCIAL ORDER
    • Samaal
    • Digil and Rahanwayn
    • Riverine and Coastal People of Non-Somali Origin
    • Specialized Occupational Groups
    • Social Change
  • LINEAGE SEGMENTATION AND THE SOMALI CIVIL WAR
  • RELIGIOUS LIFE
    • The Tenets of Islam
    • Religious Roles in Somali Islam
    • Religious Orders and the Cult of the Saints
    • Folk Islam and Indigenous Ritual
    • Islam in the Colonial Era and After
    • Rising Islamism
  • LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION
    • Language
    • Education
  • HEALTH
  • REFUGEES
  • BREAKDOWN OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • PASTORALISM AND COMMERCE IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
  • THE COLONIAL ECONOMY
  • ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, 1960-69
  • SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM, 1970-75
  • THE SOCIALIST REVOLUTION after 1975
  • FROM SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM TO "IMF-ISM," 1981-90
  • NATURAL RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
    • Land
    • Energy
    • Transportation
    • Communications
  • THE "REAL" SOMALI ECONOMY IN THE 1980s
    • Export of Labor
    • Export of Livestock
    • Rural Subsistence Sector
    • Urban Subsistence and Government Employment
    • Undeveloped Sectors
      • Plantation Economy
      • Mining
      • Forestry
      • Fishing
      • Manufacturing
    • Foreign Trade
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
    • Constitution
    • Legislature
    • Local Government
    • Legal System
    • Courts
  • POLITICAL DYNAMICS
    • Opposition Movements
    • Politics of Reconciliation
    • Politics of Succession
    • Politics of Disintegration
  • MASS MEDIA
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
    • Relations with Other African States
    • Relations with Arab Countries
    • Relations with the United States
    • Other Foreign Relations
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • INTERNATIONAL SECURITY CONCERNS
    • Irredentism and the Changing Balance of Power
    • The Ogaden War: Performance and Implications of Defeat
    • Postwar Status of the Armed Forces
  • INTERNAL SECURITY CONCERNS
    • Government Security Policy
    • Sources of Opposition
  • HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES
    • The Warrior Tradition and Development of a Modern Army
    • The Armed Forces in National Life
      • The Military and the Government
      • The Military and the Economy
    • Mission, Organization, and Strength
    • Manpower, Training, and Conditions of Service
  • FOREIGN MILITARY ASSISTANCE
  • STATE SECURITY SERVICES
    • Somali Police Force (SPF)
    • People's Militia
    • National Security Service
  • CRIMINAL JUSTICE
    • Penal System
    • Prison System
  • HUMAN RIGHTS
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary