Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Schools and Students, 1975, 1980, and 1985

	1975	1980	1985
Schools
Primary	6,750	7,689	8,747
Secondary	1,050	1,330	1,707
Students
Primary
Male	736,478	854,584	1,051,267
Female	475,092	626,912	872,975
Total primary	1,211,570	1,481,496	1,924,242
Secondary
Male	85,192	97,623	122,912
Female	34,817	56,241	88,182
Total secondary	120,009	153,864	211,094
University
Male	48,410	70,036	91,917
Female	12,746	24,731	39,807
Total university	61,156	94,767	131,224

Source: Based on information from Syria,Office of the Prime Minister, Central Bureau of Statistics, Syrian Statistical Yearbook, 1986, Damascus, 1986, pp. 339-445.

Table 3. Medical Personnel and Hospital Beds, 1975 and 1985

	1975	1985
Physicians
Total	2,400	6,163
Persons per	3,065	1,666
Dentists
Total	765	1,975
Persons per	9,614	5,198
Pharmacists
Total	1,255	2,621
Persons per	5,861	3,917
Nurses, total	1,267	8,326
Midwives, total	877	2,201
Hospital Beds
Total	7,479	11,891
Persons per	995	863

Source: Based on information from Syria, Office of the Prime Minister, Central Bureau of Statistics, Syrian Statistical Yearbook, 1986, Damascus, 1986, pp. 450, 452.

Table 4. Gross Domestic Product at Market Prices by Sector, Selected Years, 1963-85

**(in millions of Syrian pounds)1**
Sector	1963	1970	1980	198 4	1985
Agriculture	4,690	3,842	10,369	9,563	10,097
Industry	2,060	4,537	8,373	7,622	7,997
Construction	752	918	3,574	4,528	4,811
Trade	3,964	4,802	12,693	14,259	13,750
Transportation and communications	1,273	1,731	3,555	4,698	4,825
Finance and insurance	1,000	1,420	3,266	3,029	3,035
Government	1,367	2,416	8,480	11,806	11,371
Other services	258	371	960	1,208	1.208
TOTAL	15,364	20,037	51,270	56,713	57,094

Source: Based on information from Syria, Central Bureau of Statistics, StatisticalAbstract 1986, Damascus, 1986, pp. 624-625.

Table 5. Estimated Labor Force and Employment by Sector, 1970, 1975, and 1983

**(in thousands)**
Sector	19701	19752	1983
Agriculture, forestry and fishing	748	916	662
Mining and quarrying	9	12	15
Manufacturing	181	211	296
Electricity, gas and water	7	10	22
Construction	107	130	325
Trade (including restaurants and hotels)	139	189	219
Transportation, storage and communications	61	78	134
Financial services	9	10	19
Community and personal services	202	238	494
Not Stated	5	45	83
Total Employed	1,468	1,839	2,172
Unemployed and seeking first job	115	136	46
TOTAL LABOR FORCE	1,583	1,975	2,269

1Based on full census.
2Estimated from sample survey.

Source: Based on information from Syria, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract 1977, Damascus, 1977, pp. 138-139; Central Bank of Syria, Quarterly Bulletin 1984, vol.22, no. 3-4 Damascus, 1984, p. 60; International Labour Oranization, Yearbook of Labour Statistics, Geneva, 1985, p. 90.

Table 6. Summary of Proposed Government Budget Receipts, 1983-1985

**(in millions of Syrian pounds)1**
	1983	1984	1985
Tax Revenues
Business taxes	2,800	3,800	4,300
Personal income taxes	400	450	550
Real estate taxes	230	350	400
Other direct taxes	733	915	993
Indirect taxes	5,088	5,377	4,164
Total Tax Revenue	9,251	10,892	10,407
Nontax Revenues
Surpluses from public sector	12,170	9,118	13,111
Investment Revenue	2,533	4,298	4,100
Other nontax revenues and fees	1,436	4,488	5,063
Total Nontax Revenues	16,139	17,904	22,274
Domestic Loans	7,682	7,682	7,682
Loans and Grants	1,866	1,710	1,981
TOTAL	37,253	41,289	42,984

1For value of the Syrian pound--see Glossary.
2Essentially foreign credits and grants to the degree they are included in the budget.

Source: Based on information from Syria, Central Bank of Syria, Quarterly Bulletin, vol. 22, no. 3-4, Damascus, 1984, p. 47; Syria, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract 1985, Damascus, 1985, p. 477.

7. Summary of Proposed Budget Expenditures, 1983-85

**(in millions of Syrian pounds)1**
Ministry or Agency	1983	1984	1985
Administrative, legislative and judicial	6,630	7,481	7,030
National security	11,176	13,325	13,778
Education and information	3,236	3,351	3,756
Social welfare	336	419	447
Economy and finance	1,989	2,400	2,217
Agriculture and irrigation	1,936	3,211	3,985
Industry and mining	3,270	3,369	2,730
Transportation and public works	7,382	6,312	7,142
Other	2,311	2,049	1,900
TOTAL	38,363	41,289	42,984
Development	18,581	17,850	19,436
Current	18,672	23,439	23,548

1For value of Syrian pound--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Syria, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract 1985, Damascus, 1985, pp. 470-476; and Syria, Central Bank of Syria, Quarterly Bulletin, No. 3-4, Damascus, 1984, p. 46.

8. Land Use, Selected Years, 1970- 84

**(in thousands of hectares)**
Kind of Land	1970	1975	1980	1984
Forests	468	445	466	498
Steppe and Pasture1	5,450	8,6311	8,378	8,317
Uncultivable Land	3,773	3,487	3,520	3,534
Cultivable Land	8,827	5,9551	6,154	6,169
Uncultivated	2,918	479	470	514
Cultivated	5,908	5,4761	5,684	5,655
Fallow	2,610	1,7761	1,791	1,920
Under crops	3,299	3,7002	3,893	3,735
Irrigated	451	516	539	618
Nonirrigated	2,848	3,184	3,354	3,117
Specified Crops
Grains	2,502	2,745	2,701	2,457
Legumes	229	223	172	256
Cotton	249	208	141	179
Other industrial crops	42	86	107	96
Vegetables	115	200	284	259
Fruit	259	351	481	546
TOTAL AREA	18,518	18,518	18,518	18,518

1Some land reclassified after 1974.
2Data as given although less than shown by kinds of crops.

Source: Based on Syria, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract1977, Damascus, 1977; Statistical Abstract 1985, pp. 124, 132, 137, 141.

9. Production of Agricultural Products, 1981-84

**(in thousands of tons**
Products	1981	1982	1983	1 984
Wheat	1,087	1,556	1,612	1,068
Barley	1,406	661	1,043	303
Lentils	61	53	61	36
Tomatoes	723	790	831	728
Potatoes	311	279	315	322
Sugar Beets	564	860	1,158	1,268
Onion	175	187	159	136
Cotton	356	422	526	451
Tobacco	12	14	14	13
Olives	208	471	152	311
Grapes	404	423	384	400
Washed Wool	12	13	14	13
Eggs*	1,546	1,684	1,727	1,804
Milk	1,097	1,132	1,161	1,003

*In millions.

Source: Based on information from Syria, Central Bank of Syria, Quarterly Bulletin, no. 3-4, Damascus, 1984, pp. 47-54.

Table 10. Crude Oil Production and Export, 1980- 1985

Year	Production (barrels per day)	Value of Crude Exports (in millions of Syrian pounds*)	Crude Oil Exports
1980	166	5,235	68.9
1981	158	5,044	63.1
1982	166	4,082	61.1
1983	168	4,131	51.3
1984	161	3,608	49.6
1985	n.a	n.a	n.a.

n.a.-- Not available
*For value of Syrian pound--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics Yearbook, 1986, Washington, p. 645; and Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile, Syria 1986, London, 1986, pp. 26-31.

11. Imports and Exports by Use, Selected Years, 1975-84

**(in millions of Syrian pounds)1**
	1975	1980	1982	1984
Imports2
Final consumption	1,073	3,492	2,586	3,246
For further processing	3,310	10,129	10,752	11,140
Investment goods	1,790	2,544	2,417	1,768
Total Imports	6,173	16,165	15,755	16,154
Exports
Raw materials	3,054	6,323	5,190	5,232
Products for further processing	108	259	328	429
Finished goods	279	1,691	2,436	1,614
Total Exports	3,441	8,273	7,954	7,275

1For value of the Syrian pound--see Glossary.
2Probably excludes items for defense.

Source: Based on information from Syria, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract 1977, Damascus, 1977, pp. 338-39; Syria, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract 1985, Damascus, 1985, pp. 278-79.

12. Balances of Payments of 1980- 1985

**(in millions of United States dollars**
	1980	1981	1982	1983	1987
Goods and Services
Exports of Goods (FOR)	2,112	2,230	2,032	1,928	1,859
Imports of Goods (FOO)	-4,010	-4,843	-3,703	-4,152	-3,801
Services (Net)	-145	-62	-405	- 330	-438
Private Transfers (Net)	774	582	446	461	327
Government Grants (Net)	1,520	1,819	1,379	1,278	1,201
Total Goods and Services	251	-251	-251	- 815	-852
Long-Term Capital	-25	48	-8	309	326
Short-Term Capital	431	531	148	310	581
Balance of Capital Account	406	579	140	619	907
Errors and Omissions	-915	-285	208	66	-68
Counterpart items	15	-64	-190	- 15	---
Changes in resources	243	45	93	146	13

Source: Based on information from International Monetary Fund, InternationalFinancial Statistics Yearbook 1986, Washington, 1986, p. 645.

Table 13. Major Army Equipment, 1986

Type	Designation	Quantity
Ground Forces
Tanks
High Quality	T-72, Improved T- 72	1,000
	T-62	1,000
Tanks Medium Quality	T-55	2,100
Armored personnel carriers	BMP- 1	1,500
Armored Reconnaisance vehicles	BTR- 152/BTR-40,50,60/OT-64/BRDM-2	TOTAL: 2,000
Artillery
Guns and heavy mortars	180mm S-23 gun/152mm M-1973 howitzer/152mm M-1943 howitzer/130mm M-46 gun/122mm M-1974 howitzer/122mm D-30 howitzer/240mm mortar/160mm mortar	TOTAL: 1,200
Antitank weapons	Sagger/Spigot/HOT, MILAN	TOTAL: 2,000
Surface-to-surface missiles and rockets	FROG-7	23
	SS-1(Scud B)	18
	SS-21	12
Anti-aircraft short-range missiles	SA-14,-13,-9,-7	11
Anti-aircraft short- range guns	ZSU 57x2SP;57mm;37mm;ZSU 23x4;SP;ZU 23x2	TOTAL: 1,000
Air Defense Command
Surface-to-air long-range missiles (batteries)	SA-2,-3	63
	SA-5	3
	SA-8	n.a.
	SA-11	n.a.
Interceptor aircraft	MiG-25,- 25R	50
	MiG-21MF,S,U	310
Radar Long Track

n.a.--Not available

Source: Based on information from Mark Heller, Aharon Levran, and Ze'ev Eytan, The Middle East Military Balance, 1985, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986; The International Institute for Strategic Studies, TheMilitary Balance, 1986-1987, London: 1986.

Table 14. Major Navy Equipment 1986

Type	Designation	Quantity
Frigates	Petya-1 class	2
Fast patrols boats with Styx surface-to-surface missiles	Komar class	6
	Ossa I class	6
	Ossa II class	8
Mine warfare vessels	T-43 class minesweeper	1
	Vanya class minesweeper	2
Submarines	Soviet F class (on order)	2-3
Gunboats	P-4 class MTB	8
Patrol craft	CH class 130.9 ft.	3
	Zhuk	3
	Nanuchka missile corvettes (on order)	4
Advanced armament	SS-N2 Styx SSM	n.a.
Coastal defense	Sepal ground-to-sea missile	n.a.

n.a.--Not available

Source: Based on information from Mark Heller, Aharon Levran, and Ze'ev Eytan, The Middle East Military Balance, 1985, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, TheMilitary Balance, 1986-1987, London: 1986.

Table 15. Major Air Force Equipment, 1986

Type	Designation	Quantity
Fighter	ground attack MiG- 23SS,U
	MiG-27
	Su-20	TOTAL: 190
	MiG-17
	Su-7B	TOTAL: 100
Interceptors	MiG-25,-25R	50
	MiG-21MF,S,U	310
Transports	An-24/26 (Coke/Curl)
	IL-14 (Crate)
	IL-18 (Coot)
	IL-76 (unconfirmed)
	Mystere Falcon 20
	Yak-40 (Codling)	TOTAL: 32
Trainers	L-29 Delfin	60
	L-39 Albatross	40
	Piper Navajo	2
	SIAT/CASA/MBB 223/Flamingo	48
	Yak-11 (Moose)	n.a.
	Yak-18 (Max)	n.a.
Attack helicopters	Mi-24,Mi-25 (Hind)	45
	SA-342 Gazelle	45
Medium transport helicopters	Mi-8 (Hip)	110
	Mi-4 (Hound)	10
	Mi-2 (Hoplite)	10
ASW helicopters	Kamov Ka-25 (Hormone)	5
	Mi-14 (Haze)	10

n.a.--Not available

Table 16. Budgeted Defense Expenditures, 1981-85

**(In United States Dollars)**
Year	Total Expenditures (in millions)	Expenditures per capita	Percentage of Syrian GNP*	Percentage of Middle East GNP	Percent of Government Expenditures
1981	2.311	284	13.9	12.8	37.7
1982	2.730	303	15.0	14.1	34.5
1983	4.044	413	21.3	15.6	41.0
1984	4.255	405	22.4	15.6	41.7
1985	4.157	369	21.1	12.3	42.0

Source: Based on information from United States. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, 1986, Washington, GPO, 1987, 95.