TURKEY - A Country Study

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• Turkey
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
  • Country
  • Geography
  • Society
  • Economy
  • Transportation and Telecommunications
  • Government and Politics
  • National Security
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • Ancient Anatolia
    • Hittites
    • Phrygians and Lydians
    • Armenians and Kurds
    • Greeks
  • Rome and the Byzantine Empire
  • Turkish Origins
    • Great Seljuks
    • Sultanate of Rum
    • The Crusades
  • The Ottoman Empire
    • Ottoman Institutions
    • Selim I and Süleyman the Magnificent
    • Köprülü Era
    • External Threats and Internal Transformations
    • The Young Turks
    • World War I
  • Atatürk and the Turkish Nation
    • Plans for Partitioning Turkey
    • Nationalist Movement
    • War of Independence
    • Atatürk's Reforms
    • Foreign Policy
  • Table A. Chronology of Major Kemalist Reforms
  • Turkey after Atatürk
    • World War II
    • Multiparty Politics, 1946-60
    • The Armed Forces Coup and Interim Rule, 1960-61
    • Politics and Foreign Relations in the 1960s
  • Crisis in Turkish Democracy
    • Politics and Elections in the 1970s
    • Conflict and Diplomacy: Cyprus and Beyond
    • The Economy: An Unresolved Issue
    • Challenges to Public Order
  • Military Intervention and the Return to Civilian Rule
    • Military Interlude
    • Politics and the Return to Civilian Rule
    • Economic Stabilization and Prospects for the 1990s
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • Geography
    • External Boundaries
    • Geology
    • Landform Regions
      • Black Sea Region
      • Aegean Region
      • Mediterranean Region
      • Pontus and Taurus Mountains
      • Anatolian Plateau
      • Eastern Highlands
      • Arabian Platform
    • Climate
  • Population
    • Population Density, Distribution, and Settlement
    • Migration
    • Government Population Policies
  • Language Reform: From Ottoman to Turkish
  • Linguistic and Ethnic Groups
    • Turks
    • Kurds
    • Arabs
    • Peoples from the Caucasus
    • Dönme
    • Greeks
    • Armenians
    • Jews
  • Religious Life
    • Islam
      • Tenets of Islam
      • Early Development
      • Development of Islam in Turkey
      • Sufism and Folk Islam
      • The Alevi
    • Secularist Policies
    • Retreat from Secularism
    • Non-Muslim Minorities
  • Structure of Society
    • The Changing National Elite
    • Urban Life
    • Towns
    • Village Life
      • Anatolian Villages
      • Coastal Villages
      • Villages in the South and East
  • The Individual, the Family, and Gender Relations
    • Marriage
    • The Extended Family
    • Gender Relations
    • The Status of Women
  • Education
  • Health and Welfare
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • Growth and Structure of the Economy
    • Economic Development
    • Reforms under Özal
    • Economic Performance in the Early 1990s
    • Structure of the Economy
  • Human Resources and Trade Unions
  • Role of Government in the Economy
    • Liberal Interlude
    • Etatism
    • State Economic Enterprises and Privatization
    • Development Planning
    • Budget
  • Agriculture
    • Agricultural Policy
    • Irrigation
    • Land Use
    • Land Tenure
    • Cropping Patterns and Production
    • Livestock
    • Forestry and Fisheries
  • Industry
    • Industrial Policy
    • Energy
    • Mineral Resources
    • Manufacturing
    • Construction
  • Services
    • Banking and Finance
    • Transportation and Telecommunications
    • Tourism
  • Foreign Economic Relations
    • Foreign Trade
    • Balance of Payments
    • Regional Economic Integration
  • Outlook
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • The Constitutional System
    • Provisions of the 1982 Constitution
    • Electoral System
  • Government
    • National Assembly
    • President, Council of Ministers, and Prime Minister
    • Judiciary
    • Provincial and Local Government
    • Civil Service
  • Political Dynamics
    • Political Developments since the 1980 Coup
    • Political Parties
      • True Path Party
      • Social Democratic Populist Party
      • Motherland Party
      • Welfare Party
      • Democratic Left Party
      • Other Parties
    • Political Interest Groups
      • Military
      • Universities
      • Labor
      • Business
      • Religious Interests
      • Minorities
  • Mass Media
    • Newspapers and Periodicals
    • Radio and Television
  • Foreign Relations
    • Dissolution of the Soviet Union
    • The Middle East
    • European Union
    • The United States
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • Historical Role of the Armed Forces
  • The Armed Forces and Society
  • Politics and the Military
  • External Security Concerns
    • Middle Eastern Conflicts
    • Syria
    • Iran
    • The Balkans
    • Greece and Cyprus
  • Turkey's Participation in NATO
  • Armed Forces
    • Defense Spending
    • Sources and Quality of Personnel
    • Education and Training
    • Conditions of Service
    • Army
    • Air Force
    • Navy
    • Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
  • Military Cooperation with the United States
  • Domestic Arms Industry
  • Internal Security Concerns
    • Kurdish Separatists
    • Terrorism of the Left
    • Armenian Terrorism
    • Islamists
  • Police System
    • National Police
    • Gendarmerie
    • Intelligence Services
  • Crime and Punishment
    • Procedures in Criminal Law
    • Incidence of Crime
    • Narcotics Trafficking
    • Individual Rights
    • Penal System
• Appendix. Tables
• Appendix B.
• Bibliography
• Glossary