ALBANIA - A Country Study

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• ALBANIA
• FOREWARD
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• Preface
• Table A. Chronology of Important Events
• COUNTRY PROFILE
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  • POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• INTRODUCTION
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • THE ANCIENT ILLYRIANS
  • THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS AND THE MIDDLE AGES
  • THE ALBANIAN LANDS UNDER OTTOMAN DOMINATION, 1385-1876
    • The Ottoman Conquest of Albania
    • Albanians under Ottoman Rule
    • Local Albanian Leaders in the Early Nineteenth Century
  • NATIONAL AWAKENING AND THE BIRTH OF ALBANIA, 1876-1918
    • The Rise of Albanian Nationalism
    • The Balkan Wars and Creation of Independent Albania
    • World War I and Its Effects on Albania
  • INTERWAR ALBANIA, 1918-41
    • Albania's Reemergence after World War I
    • Social and Economic Conditions after World War I
    • Government and Politics
    • Italian Penetration
    • Zog's Kingdom
    • Italian Occupation
  • WORLD WAR II AND THE RISE OF COMMUNISM, 1941-44
    • The Communist and Nationalist Resistance
    • The Communist Takeover of Albania
  • COMMUNIST ALBANIA
    • Consolidation of Power and Initial Reforms
    • Albanian-Yugoslav Tensions
    • Deteriorating Relations with the West
    • Albania and the Soviet Union
    • Albania and China
    • The Cultural and Ideological Revolution
    • The Break with China and Self-Reliance
• Chapter 2. The Society and its Environment
  • PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
    • National Boundaries
    • Topography
    • Drainage
    • Climate
  • THE ALBANIAN PEOPLE
    • Population
    • Ethnicity
      • Gegs and Tosks
      • Greeks and Other Minorities
      • Albanians in Kosovo
    • Languages and Dialects
    • Settlement Patterns
  • SOCIAL SYSTEM
    • Traditional Social Patterns and Values
    • Social Structure under Communist Rule
  • RELIGION
    • Before 1944
    • Hoxha's Antireligious Campaign
    • The Revival of Religion
  • EDUCATION
    • PreCommunist Era
    • Education under Communist Rule
  • HEALTH AND WELFARE
    • Medical Care and Nutrition
    • Housing
    • Social Insurance
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • ECONOMIC POLICY AND PERFORMANCE
    • The Precommunist Albanian Economy
    • Imposition of the Stalinist System
    • Dependence on Yugoslavia, 1945-48
    • Dependence on the Soviet Union, 1948-60
    • Dependence on China, 1961-78
    • Isolation and Autarky
  • ECONOMIC SYSTEM
    • Governmental Bodies and Control
    • Ownership and Private Property
    • Enterprises and Firms
    • Finance and Banking
    • Currency and Monetary Policy
    • Government Revenues and Expenditures
    • Savings
  • WORK FORCE AND STANDARD OF LIVING
    • Prices and Wages
    • Domestic Consumption
    • Standard of Living
    • Population and Work Force
    • Women in the Work Force
    • Trade Unions
  • AGRICULTURE
    • The Land
    • Land Distribution and Agricultural Organization
    • Structure and Marketing of Agricultural Output
    • Livestock and Pasturelands
    • Mechanization
    • Fertilizers, Pesticides, and Seeds
    • Forests
    • Fisheries
  • INDUSTRY
    • Energy and Natural Resources
    • Manufacturing
      • Chemicals
      • Engineering
      • Light Industry
      • Food Processing
    • Construction
    • Environmental Problems
  • TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
    • Road Transportation
    • Railroads
    • Air Transportation
    • Water Transportation
    • Telecommunications
  • RETAIL TRADE, SERVICES, AND TOURISM
    • Retail Trade and Services
    • Black Market
    • Tourism
  • FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS
    • Foreign Trade Organization
    • Foreign Trade Balance and Balance of Payments
    • Trade Partners
    • Commodity Pattern of Trade
    • Activities of Foreign Companies in Albania
    • Foreign Assistance
  • PROSPECTS FOR REFORM
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • ORIGINS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
    • Albania after World War II
    • The Hoxha Regime
    • Alia Takes Over
  • ALBANIA'S COMMUNIST PARTY
  • THE GOVERNMENT APPARATUS
    • People's Assembly
    • Council of Ministers and People's Councils
    • Courts
  • MASS ORGANIZATIONS
    • Democratic Front
    • Union of Albanian Working Youth
    • Union of Albanian Women
    • United Trade Unions of Albania
  • MASS MEDIA
  • REFORM POLITICS
    • Initial Stages
    • Human Rights
    • Further Moves Toward Democracy
    • Multiparty System
    • The Coalition Government of 1991
  • FOREIGN POLICY
    • Shifting Alliances
    • Changes in the 1980s
    • Alia's Pragmatism
    • Albania Seeks New Allies
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES
    • From Independence to World War II
    • World War II
    • Postwar Development
  • EVOLUTION OF NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY
  • DEFENSE ORGANIZATION
    • Political Control
    • People's Army
      • Ground Forces
      • Air and Air Defense Forces
      • Naval Forces
    • Military Manpower
      • Conscript Training
      • Paramilitary Training
      • Military Schools
    • Military Budget and the Economy
  • INTERNAL SECURITY
    • Domestic Repression under Hoxha and Alia
      • Penal Code
      • Penal System
    • Security Forces
      • Directorate of State Security
      • Frontier Guards
      • People's Police
      • Auxiliary Police
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary