CHILE - A Country Study

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• CHILE
• Foreword
• Acknowledgements
• PREFACE
• Table A. Chronology of Important Events
• Country Profile
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• INTRODUCTION
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • PRECOLUMBIAN CIVILIZATIONS
  • CONQUEST AND COLONIZATION, 1535-1810
    • Politics and War in a Frontier Society
    • The Colonial Economy
    • Bourbon Reforms, 1759-96
  • WARS OF INDEPENDENCE, 1810-18
  • CIVIL WARS, 1818-30
  • ARISTOCRATIC REPUBLICANISM, 1830-91
    • The Conservative Era, 1830-61
      • The Portalian State, 1830-37
      • Two Conservative Presidencies, 1841-61
    • The Liberal Era, 1861-91
      • War of the Pacific, 1879-83
      • Downfall of a President, 1886-91
  • PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLIC, 1891-1925
    • Urbanization
    • Arturo Alessandri's Reformist Presidency, 1920-25
  • MILITARY INTERVENTIONS, 1925-32
    • The 1925 Constitution
    • Carlos Ibáñez's First Presidency, 1927-31
  • MASS DEMOCRACY, 1932-73
    • Alessandri's Second Presidency, 1932-38
    • Popular Front Rule, 1938-41
    • Juan Antonio Ríos's Presidency, 1942-46
    • Gabriel González Videla's Presidency, 1946-52
    • Ibáñez's Second Presidency, 1952-58
    • Jorge Alessandri's Rightist Term, 1958-64
    • Eduardo Frei's Christian Democracy, 1964-70
    • Salvador Allende's Leftist Regime, 1970-73
  • MILITARY RULE, 1973-90
    • Neoliberal Economics
    • The 1980 Constitution
    • The Crisis of 1982 and the Erosion of Military Rule
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • GEOGRAPHY
    • A Long, Narrow Nation
    • Natural Regions
      • The Far North
      • The Near North
      • Central Chile
      • The South
      • The Far South
  • THE PEOPLE
    • Formation of the Chilean People
    • Current Demographic Profile
  • URBAN AREAS
  • RURAL AREAS
  • THE LABOR FORCE AND INCOME LEVELS
  • SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS
  • WELFARE INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIAL PROGRAMS
    • Social Security
    • Health Programs
    • Housing Policies
  • EDUCATION
    • Enrollments
    • Administration and Reforms
      • Primary and Secondary Education
      • Higher Education
  • RELIGION AND CHURCHES
    • Religious Affiliations and Church Organization
    • Religion in Historical Perspective
    • Forms of Popular Religiosity
  • ATTITUDES TOWARD FAMILY AND GENDER
    • Divorce, Abortion, and Contraception
    • Family Structure and Attitudes Toward Gender Roles
  • WHITHER CHILE?
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • EVOLUTION OF THE ECONOMY
    • The Colonial Era to 1950
    • Economic Policies, 1950-70
    • The Popular Unity Government, 1970-73
    • Economic Crisis and the Military Coup
    • The Military Government's Free-Market Reforms, 1973-90
      • Trade Policy
      • Banking Reform and the Financial Sector
      • Rural Land Market Reform
      • Labor-Market Reform
      • Public Employment Programs
      • The Debt Crisis: Further Reforms and Recovery
    • The Return to Democracy, 1990
      • Continuity in Economic Policy
      • Emphasis on Social Programs
  • THE CURRENT STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
    • Industry and Manufacturing
    • Mining
    • Agriculture
    • Fishing and Forestry
      • Fishing
      • Forestry
    • Energy
    • Banking and Financial Services
    • Transportation
    • Telecommunications
    • Tourism
    • Construction
  • INCOME, LABOR UNIONS, AND THE PENSIONS SYSTEM
    • Employment and Unemployment
    • Income Distribution and Social Programs
    • Unions and Labor Conflicts
    • Economic Results of the Pensions Privatization
  • MACROECONOMIC POLICY, INFLATION, AND THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
    • The Central Bank and Monetary Policy
    • Exchange-Rate Policy and the Balance of Payments
    • Trade Policy and Export Performance
  • THE FUTURE OF THE ECONOMY
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY
    • Development and Breakdown of Democracy, 1830-1973
    • Imposition of Authoritarian Rule
    • The Constitution of 1980
    • Authoritarianism Defeated by Its Own Rules
    • The Constitutional Reforms of 1989
  • THE STATE AND GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS IN CHILE
    • The State and the System of Government
    • The Presidency
    • The Legislative Branch
    • The Courts
    • The Autonomous Powers
      • The Comptroller General
      • The Constitutional Tribunal
      • The Central Bank of Chile
      • The Electoral Certification Tribunal
      • The Armed Forces
    • Regional and Local Government
  • PARTIES AND THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM
    • The Party System
    • The Electoral System
    • The Parties of the Left
    • The Parties of the Center
    • The Parties of the Right
      • The 1993 Presidential Election
  • THE CHURCH, BUSINESS, LABOR, AND THE MEDIA
    • The Church
    • Business
    • Labor
    • The Media
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
    • Relations with the United States
    • General Relations
  • FUTURE CHALLENGES OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • MILITARY TRADITION AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE ARMED FORCES
    • Early History
    • Genesis of the Armed Forces, 1814-36
    • Confederation War, 1836-391
    • War of the Pacific, 1879-83
    • Development of the Armed Forces
    • Growth of United States Influence
    • Repression and Human Rights Violations
    • Civil-Military Relations
  • MISSION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMED FORCES
    • Mission
    • Command Structure
    • Army
    • Navy
    • Air Force
    • Civic Action
    • Defense Spending
  • MANPOWER AND TRAINING
    • Recruitment and Conditions of Service
    • Training
    • Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
      • Army
      • Navy
      • Air Force
  • FOREIGN SOURCES OF Matériel
  • THE DEFENSE INDUSTRY
    • Army Ordnance
    • Naval Equipment
    • Aircraft Equipment
    • Cardoen Industries
    • Minor Defense Manufacturers
  • THE SECURITY FORCES
    • The Carabineros
      • Organization
      • Recruitment and Training
      • Uniforms
    • The Investigations Police
    • Internal Security Intelligence Organizations
  • PUBLIC ORDER AND INTERNAL SECURITY
    • Incidence of Crime
    • Narcotics Trafficking
    • Criminal Justice
    • The Penal System
    • Terrorism
      • A Modern Deterrent?
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary