EGYPT - A Country Study

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• Egypt
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• PREFACE
• COUNTRY PROFILE
  • Country
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• INTRODUCTION
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • ANCIENT EGYPT
    • The Predynastic Period and the First and Second Dynasties, 6000-2686 B.C.
    • The Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and Second Intermediate Period, 2686 to 1552 B.C.
    • Pyramid Building in the Old and Middle Kingdoms
    • The New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, 1552-664 B.C.
    • Art and Architecture in the New Kingdom
    • The Cult of the Sun God and Akhenaten's Monotheism
    • The Late Period, 664-323 B.C.
  • PTOLEMAIC, ROMAN, AND BYZANTINE EGYPT, 332 B.C.-A.D. 642
    • The Alexandrian Conquest
    • The Ptolemaic Period
    • Egypt under Rome and Byzantium, 30 B.C.-A.D. 640
  • MEDIEVAL EGYPT
    • The Arab Conquest, 639-41
    • The Tulinids, Ikhshidids, Fatimids, and Ayyubids, 868- 1260
    • The Mamluks, 1250-1517
  • EGYPT UNDER THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
  • MODERN EGYPT
    • The Neo-Mamluk Beylicate, 1760-98
    • The French Invasion and Occupation, 1798-1801
    • Muhammad Ali, 1805-48
    • Abbas Hilmi I, 1848-54 and Said, 1854-63
    • Social Change in the Nineteenth Century
      • Rural Society
      • Towns and Cities
  • FROM AUTONOMY TO OCCUPATION: ISMAIL, TAWFIQ, AND THE URABI REVOLT
    • Khedive Ismail, 1863-79
    • From Intervention to Occupation, 1876-82
  • FROM OCCUPATION TO NOMINAL INDEPENDENCE: 1882-1923
    • The Occupiers
    • Economy and Society under Occupation
    • Egypt under the Protectorate and the 1919 Revolution
  • THE ERA OF LIBERAL CONSTITUTIONALISM AND PARTY POLITICS
    • The Rise and Decline of the Wafd, 1924-39
    • Egypt During the War, 1939-45
    • On the Threshold of Revolution, 1945-52
    • The Revolution and the Early Years of the New Government: 1952-56
    • Egypt and the Arab World
    • Nasser and Arab Socialism
    • Egypt, the Arabs, and Israel
    • The June 1967 War
  • THE AFTERMATH OF THE WAR
    • Internal Relations
    • External Relations
    • Nasser's Legacy
    • Sadat Takes Over, 1970-73
    • October 1973 War
    • Political Developments, 1971-78
    • Egypt's New Direction
    • Peace with Israel
    • The Aftermath of Camp David and the Assassination of Sadat
  • MUBARAK AND THE MIDDLE WAY
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • GEOGRAPHY
    • Physical Size and Borders
    • Natural Regions
      • Nile Valley and Delta
      • Western Desert
      • Eastern Desert
      • Sinai Peninsula
    • Climate
  • POPULATION
    • Population Control Policies
    • Major Cities
    • Emigration
    • Minorities
  • SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
    • Urban Society
    • Rural Society
  • FAMILY AND KINSHIP
    • Importance of Kinship
    • Attitudes Toward Women
    • Changing Status of Women
  • RELIGION
    • Islam
      • Early Developments
      • Contemporary Islam
      • Islamic Political Movements
    • Coptic Church
    • Other Religious Minorities
  • EDUCATION
  • HEALTH AND WELFARE
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • STRUCTURE, GROWTH, AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY
    • Infrastructure
    • Transportation
    • Communications
  • THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
    • Mubarak's Gradualism?
    • Development Planning
    • Pricing and Subsidy
    • Exchange Rates
    • Public Finance
    • Banking, Credit, and Inflation
  • LABOR
    • Employment
    • Wages
  • AGRICULTURE
    • The Food Gap
    • Land Ownership and Reform
    • Land Reclamation and Loss
    • Pricing Policy
    • Cropping Patterns, Production, and Yield
    • Technology
  • ENERGY, MINING, AND MANUFACTURING
    • Energy
    • Mining
    • Manufacturing
  • FOREIGN TRADE
    • Exports
    • Imports
    • Trade Partners
  • BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND MAIN SOURCES OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE
    • Petroleum
    • Suez Canal
    • Remittances
    • Tourism
    • Current Account Balance
    • Capital Account and Capital Grants
    • Direct Foreign Investment
    • Loans
  • DEBT AND RESTRUCTURING
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • THE DOMINANT EXECUTIVE AND THE POWER ELITE
    • The Presidency
    • The President and the Power Elite
    • The Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers, and the Policy-making Process
    • The Road to Power: Recruitment and Composition of the Elite
    • Elite Ideology
    • Politics among Elites
      • Military Politics
      • The Politics of Economic Strategy
    • The Bureaucracy and Policy Implementation
    • Local Government
  • THE SUBORDINATE BRANCHES: THE REGIME AND ITS CONSTITUENCY
    • Parliament
    • The Judiciary, Civil Rights, and the Rule of Law
    • The Political Role of the Media
    • Interest Groups
  • CONTROLLING THE MASS POLITICAL ARENA
    • The "Dominant Party System"
      • The Ruling Party
      • The Opposition Parties
      • Elections
    • The Limits of Incorporation: The Rise of Political Islam and the Continuing Role of Repression
  • FOREIGN POLICY
    • The Determinants of Foreign Policy
    • Foreign Policy Decision Making
    • The Development of Foreign Policy
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • MILITARY HERITAGE
    • The Egyptian Military in World War II
    • First Arab-Israeli War
    • The 1956 War
    • The June 1967 War
    • War of Attrition and the October 1973 War
  • SECURITY CONCERNS AND STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVES
  • THE MILITARY IN NATIONAL LIFE
  • THE ARMED FORCES
    • Army
    • Air Force
    • Navy
    • Air Defense Force
    • Training and Education
    • Conscription and Reserves
    • Conditions of Service
    • Defense Spending
    • Military Justice
    • Uniforms and Insignia
  • ARMED FORCES PRODUCTION
    • Production of Civilian Goods
    • Defense Industry
  • FOREIGN MILITARY ASSISTANCE
  • INTERNAL SECURITY
    • Muslim Extremism
    • Leftist Organizations
    • Police
      • Organization
      • Training
      • Central Security Forces
    • Intelligence Services
  • CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
    • The Judicial System
    • Incidence of Crime
    • Drug Trafficking
    • The Penal System
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary