INDIA - A Country Study

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• India
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Table A. Selected Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Full Party Names
• Table B. Chronology of Important Events
• Country Profile
  • Country
  • Geography
  • Society
  • Economy
  • Transportation and Telecommunications
  • Government and Politics
  • National Security
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • Antecedents
    • Harappan Culture
    • Vedic Aryans
  • Kingdoms and Empires
    • The Mauryan Empire
    • The Deccan and the South
  • The Classical Age
    • Gupta and Harsha
    • The Southern Rivals
  • The Delhi Sultanate
    • The Coming of Islam
    • Southern Dynasties
  • The Mughal Era
    • The Mughals
    • The Marathas
    • The Sikhs
    • The Coming of the Europeans
  • The British Empire in India
    • Company Rule, 1757-1857
    • The British Raj, 1858-1947
      • Sepoy Rebellion, 1857-59
      • Post-Rebellion Developments
  • The Independence Movement
    • Origins of the Congress and the Muslim League
    • War, Reforms, and Agitation
    • Mahatma Gandhi
    • Political Impasse and Independence
  • Independent India
    • National Integration
    • Nehru's Legacy
    • The Rise of Indira Gandhi
    • Rajiv Gandhi
• Chapter 2. Geographic and Demographic Setting
  • Geography
    • Principal Regions
      • Indo-Gangetic Plain
      • The Himalayas
      • The Peninsula
      • Offshore Islands
      • Coasts and Borders
    • Rivers
    • Climate
    • Earthquakes
  • Population
    • Structure and Dynamics
    • Population Projections
    • Population and Family Planning Policy
  • Health
    • Health Conditions
      • Life Expectancy and Mortality
      • Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases
      • Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
    • Health Care
      • Role of the Government
      • Expenditures
      • Primary Services
  • Education
    • Administration and Funding
    • Primary and Secondary Education
    • Colleges and Universities
    • Education and Society
• Chapter 3. Religious Life
  • The Roots of Indian Religion
    • The Vedas and Polytheism
    • Karma and Liberation
  • The Monastic Path
    • Jainism
    • Buddhism
    • The Tradition of the Enlightened Master
  • The Worship of Personal Gods
    • Vishnu
    • Shiva
    • Brahma and the Hindu Trinity
    • The Goddess
    • Local Deities
  • The Ceremonies of Hinduism
    • Domestic Worship
    • Life-Cycle Rituals
    • Public Worship
      • Temples
      • Pilgrimage
      • Festivals
  • Islam
    • Origins and Tenets
    • Islamic Traditions in South Asia
  • Sikhism
    • Early History and Tenets
    • Twentieth-Century Developments
  • Other Minority Religions
    • Tribal Religions
    • Christianity
    • Zoroastrianism
    • Judaism
  • Modern Transformations
• Chapter 4. Language, Ethnicity, and Regionalism
  • Linguistic Relations
    • Diversity, Use, and Policy
    • Languages of India
    • Hindi and English
      • Hindi
      • English
    • Linguistic States
    • The Social Context of Language
  • Ethnic Minorities
    • Tribes
      • Composition and Location
      • Economic and Political Conditions
      • Practices
    • Descendants of Foreign Groups
      • Jews and Parsis
      • Portuguese
      • Anglo-Indians
      • Africans
  • Regionalism
    • Telangana Movement
    • Jharkhand Movement
    • Uttarakhand
    • Gorkhaland
    • Ladakh
    • The Northeast
    • Outlook
• Chapter 5. Social Systems
  • Themes in Indian Society
    • Hierarchy
    • Purity and Pollution
    • Social Interdependence
  • Family and Kinship
    • Family Ideals
    • Variations in Family Structure
    • Large Kinship Groups
    • Family Authority and Harmony
    • Veiling and the Seclusion of Women
    • Life Passages
      • Children and Childhood
      • Marriage
      • Adulthood
      • Death and Beyond
  • Caste and Class
    • Varna, Caste, and Other Divisions
    • Intercaste Relations
    • Changes in the Caste System
    • Classes
    • The Fringes of Society
  • The Village Community
    • Settlement and Structure
    • Village Unity and Divisiveness
  • Urban Life
    • The Growth of Cities
    • Urban Inequities
    • Cities as Centers
  • Future Trends
• Chapter 6. Character and Structure of the Economy
  • Structure of the Economy
    • Independence to 1979
    • Growth since 1980
    • Liberalization in the Early 1990s
  • The Role of Government
    • Early Policy Developments
    • Antipoverty Programs
    • Development Planning
  • Finance
    • Budget
    • Fiscal Administration
    • Monetary Process
  • Foreign Economic Relations
    • Aid
    • Trade
    • Foreign-Exchange System
    • External Debt
  • Labor
    • Size and Composition of the Work Force
    • Labor Relations
  • Industry
    • Government Policies
    • Manufacturing
      • Textiles
      • Steel and Aluminum
      • Fertilizer and Petrochemicals
      • Electronics and Motor Vehicles
    • Construction
    • Energy
      • Coal
      • Oil and Natural Gas
      • Electric Power
      • Nuclear Power
    • Mining and Quarrying
  • Transportation
    • Railroads
    • Rapid Transit
    • The Road System
    • Motor Vehicles
    • Ports, Maritime Transportation, and Inland Waterways
    • Civil Aviation
  • Telecommunications
    • National Policy
    • Telephone
    • Radio
    • Television
  • Tourism
  • Science and Technology
    • Origin and Development
    • Infrastructure and Government Role
    • Resource Allocation
    • Major Research Organizations
      • Agriculture
      • Biotechnology
      • Defense
      • Education Institutions
      • Information Science
      • Industry
      • Nuclear Power
      • Space
      • Other Leading Institutions
    • Prospects in Science and Technology
• Chapter 7. Agriculture
  • Land Use
    • Himalayas
    • Indo-Gangetic Plain
    • Peninsular India
  • Land Tenure
    • Landholding Categories
    • Land Reform
  • Economic Development
    • Evolution of Policy
    • Development Programs
      • Research, Education, and Extension
      • Agricultural Extension
      • Irrigation
      • Seeds
      • Fertilizer
      • Plant Protection and Pesticides
      • Technology and Mechanization
      • Price Policy and Terms of Trade
  • Production
    • Crop Output
      • Food-Grain Production
      • Oilseeds
      • Commercial Crops
    • The Green Revolution
  • Livestock and Poultry
  • Forestry
  • Fishing
  • Agricultural Credit
  • Agricultural Taxation
  • Marketing, Trade, and Aid
    • Marketing and Marketing Services
    • External Trade
    • External Aid
  • Impact of Economic Reforms on Agriculture
• Chapter 8. Government and Politics
  • The Constitutional Framework
    • Fundamental Rights
    • Directive Principles of State Policy
    • Group Rights
    • Emergency Provisions and Authoritarian Powers
  • The Structure of Government
    • The Legislature
      • Lok Sabha
      • Rajya Sabha
      • Legislative Process
    • The Executive
    • The Judiciary
      • Supreme Court
      • High Courts
      • Lower Courts
    • Election Commission
    • State Governments and Territories
    • Local Government
    • The Civil Service
  • The Political Process
    • Elections
    • Political Parties
      • The Congress
      • Opposition Parties
      • The Rise and Decline of "Janata Politics"
      • The Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rise of Hindu Nationalism
      • Communist Parties
      • Regional Parties
      • Caste-Based Parties
    • Political Issues
      • Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir
      • Hindu-Muslim Tensions
    • Corruption and the Anti-Establishment Vote
  • The Media
    • The Press
    • Broadcast Media
  • The Rise of Civil Society
• Chapter 9. Foreign Relations
  • Foreign Policy Formulation
    • Role of the Prime Minister
    • Ministry of External Affairs
    • Other Government Organizations
    • The Role of Political and Interest Groups
  • Determinants of Foreign Relations
    • Historical Legacy
    • Security Perceptions
    • Nonalignment
  • Overview of Foreign Relations
    • South Asia
      • Pakistan
      • Bangladesh
      • Sri Lanka
      • Nepal
      • Bhutan
      • Maldives
    • China
    • Southeast Asia
    • Middle East
    • Central Asia
    • Russia
    • United States
    • Britain, Australia, Canada, Western Europe, and Japan
  • Participation in International Organizations
    • United Nations
    • Commonwealth of Nations
    • Nonaligned Movement
    • South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
• Chapter 10. National Security
  • Colonial-Era Developments
    • Company Armies
    • The Indian Military under the British Raj
      • Post-Sepoy Rebellion Reorganization
      • "Martial Races" Theory
      • Administrative Reform and World War I
      • World War II
  • Postindependence Developments
    • The National Forces
    • The Experience of Wars
      • Pakistan
      • China
    • Peacekeeping Operations
      • Sri Lanka
      • Maldives
      • United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
  • National Security Structure
    • Civil-Military Relations
    • Defense Spending
  • Organization and Equipment of the Armed Forces
    • The Army
    • The Navy
    • The Air Force
    • Recruitment and Training
    • Conditions of Service
    • Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
    • Paramilitary and Reserve Forces
      • Paramilitary Forces
      • Reserve Forces
    • Space and Nuclear Programs
    • Intelligence Services
    • Military Justice
  • Public Order and Internal Security
    • Military Role Expansion
    • Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and the Armed Forces
    • Insurgent Movements and External Subversion
      • Kashmir
      • Punjab
      • Assam and the Northeast
  • Law Enforcement
    • National-Level Agencies
    • State and Other Police Services
  • The Criminal Justice System
    • Criminal Law and Procedure
    • The Penal System
  • National Security Challenges
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary