JAPAN - A Country Study

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• JAPAN
• FOREWORD
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• PREFACE
• Country Profile
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• Table A. Chronology of Major Historical Periods
• INTRODUCTION
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • EARLY DEVELOPMENTS
    • Mythological Origins
    • Ancient Cultures
  • KOFUN AND ASUKA PERIODS, CA. A.D. 250-710
  • NARA AND HEIAN PERIODS, A.D. 710-1185
    • Economic, Social, and Administrative Developments
    • Cultural Developments and the Establishment of Buddhism
    • The Fujiwara Regency
    • The Rise of the Military Class
  • KAMAKURA AND MUROMACHI PERIODS, 1185-1573
    • The Bakufu and the Hojo Regency
    • The Flourishing of Buddhism
    • Mongol Invasions
    • Civil War
    • Ashikaga Bakufu
    • Economic and Cultural Developments
    • Provincial Wars and Foreign Contacts
  • REUNIFICATION, 1573-1600
  • TOKUGAWA PERIOD, 1600-1867
    • Rule of Shogun and Daimyo
    • Seclusion and Social Control
    • Economic Development
    • Intellectual Trends
    • Decline of the Tokugawa
  • THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN JAPAN, 1868-1919
    • The Meiji Restoration
    • Foreign Relations
    • Opposition to the Meiji Oligarchy
    • The Development of Representative Government
    • Modernization and Industrialization
    • Overseas Expansion
    • Political Rivalries
    • World War I
  • BETWEEN THE WARS, 1920-36
    • Two-Party System
    • Diplomacy
    • The Rise of the Militarists
  • WORLD WAR II AND THE OCCUPATION, 1941-52
  • TOWARD A NEW CENTURY, 1953-87
    • Political Developments
    • Foreign Affairs
    • Economic Achievements and the Liberal Democratic Party
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • PHYSICAL SETTING
    • Composition, Topography, and Drainage
    • Geographic Regions
      • Hokkaido
      • Tohoku
      • Kanto
      • Chubu
      • Kinki
      • Chugoku
      • Shikoku
      • Kyushu
      • Ryukyu Islands
    • Climate
    • Earthquakes
    • Pollution
  • POPULATION
    • Population Density
    • Age Structure
    • Migration
    • Minorities
      • Foreign Residents
      • Hisabetsu Buraku
      • Ainu
  • VALUES AND BELIEFS
    • Values
      • Empathy and Human Relations
      • The Public Sphere: Order and Status
      • The Private Sphere: Goals and Self
    • Religious and Philosophical Traditions
      • Shinto
      • Buddhism
      • Confucianism
      • Daoism
      • Christianity
      • New Religions
      • Religious Practice
      • Religion and the State
  • SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
    • Family
    • Neighborhood
    • Workplace
    • Popular Culture
    • Gender Stratification and the Lives of Women
    • Age Stratification and the Elderly
  • HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL WELFARE
    • Health Care
    • Social Welfare
• Chapter 3. Education and the Arts
  • EDUCATION
    • Historical Background
    • Education Reform
    • Contemporary Setting
    • Preschool and Day Care
    • Primary and Secondary Education
      • Elementary School
      • Lower-Secondary School
      • Special Education
      • Upper-Secondary School
    • After-School Education
    • Higher Education
      • College Entrance
      • Universities
      • Junior Colleges
      • Special Training Schools
      • Miscellaneous Schools
      • Technical Colleges
      • Graduate Education and Research
      • The Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture
      • Reform
    • Social Education
  • THE ARTS
    • Visual Arts
      • Architecture
      • Sculpture
      • Painting
      • Calligraphy
      • Prints
      • Ceramics
      • Handicrafts
    • Performing Arts
      • No
      • Kabuki and Bunraku
      • Music
      • Dance
      • Modern Theater
    • Literature
    • Films and Television
• Chapter 4. The Character and Structure of the Economy
  • PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
    • Revolutionary Change
    • The Evolving Occupational Structure
  • THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS
    • Industrial Policy
    • Monetary and Fiscal Policy
  • THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM
  • PUBLIC CORPORATIONS
  • PRIVATE ENTERPRISE
  • THE CULTURE OF JAPANESE MANAGEMENT
  • EMPLOYMENT AND LABOR RELATIONS
    • Employment, Wages, and Working Conditions
    • The Structure of Japan's Labor Market
      • Working Women
      • Foreign Workers
      • Workers' Changing Attitudes
    • Aging and Retirement of the Labor Force
    • Social Insurance and Minimum Wage Systems
    • Labor Unions
  • INFRASTRUCTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
    • Construction
    • Mining
    • Energy
    • Research and Development
  • INDUSTRY
    • Basic Manufactures
    • Domestic Trade and Services
  • TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
    • Railroads and Subways
    • Roads
    • Maritime Transportation
    • Civil Aviation
    • Telecommunications
  • AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHING
  • LIVING STANDARDS
• Chapter 5. International Economic Relations
  • POSTWAR DEVELOPMENT
  • TRADE AND INVESTMENT INSTITUTIONS
    • The Ministry of International Trade and Industry
    • The Japan External Trade Organization
    • Trading Companies
    • Financial Institutions
    • Foreign Aid Institutions
    • International Trade and Development Institutions
  • FOREIGN TRADE POLICIES
    • Export Policies
    • Import Policies
  • LEVEL AND COMMODITY COMPOSITION OF TRADE
    • Exports
    • Imports
    • Balance of Merchandise Trade
  • BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ACCOUNTS
    • Services and the Current Account
    • Capital Flows
    • The Value of the Yen
  • TRADE AND INVESTMENT RELATIONS
    • United States and Canada
    • Noncommunist Asia
    • Western Europe
    • The Middle East
    • Oceania
    • Latin America
    • Africa
    • Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union
  • INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND AID
  • MAJOR INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRIES
    • Motor Vehicles
    • Consumer Electronics
    • Computers
    • Semiconductors
    • Iron and Steel
    • Industries of the Future
• Chapter 6. The Political System
  • THE POSTWAR CONSTITUTION
    • The Status of the Emperor
    • The Article 9 "No War" Clause
    • Rights and Duties of Citizens
  • THE STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT
    • The Legislature
    • The Cabinet and Ministries
    • Local Government
    • The Electoral System
      • Elections and Political Funding
      • Electoral Districts
    • The Judicial System
      • Judicial Review
      • The Role of Law in Japanese Society
      • Human Rights
  • CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL VALUES
    • Community and Leadership
    • Consensus Building
  • INTEREST GROUPS
    • Business Interests
    • Small Business
    • Agricultural Cooperatives
    • Labor Organizations
    • Professional Associations and Citizen and Consumer Movements
  • THE MASS MEDIA AND POLITICS
  • THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY
    • Party History and Basic Principles
    • Party Structure
      • Factions
      • Local Support Groups
    • The Liberal Democratic Party in National Elections
  • BUREAUCRATS AND THE POLICY-MAKING PROCESS
    • The Civil Service
    • Policy-Making Dynamics
      • The Human Factor
      • Formal Policy Development
    • The Budget Process
  • MINORITY PARTIES
    • Social Democratic Party of Japan
    • Komeito
    • Japan Communist Party
    • Democratic Socialist Party
    • Other Parties and Independents
  • POLITICAL EXTREMISTS
• Chapter 7. Foreign Relations
  • MAJOR FOREIGN POLICY GOALS AND STRATEGIES
    • Early Developments
    • Postwar Developments
  • FOREIGN POLICY FORMULATION
    • Institutional Framework
    • The Role of Domestic Politics
  • AN OVERVIEW OF JAPAN'S FOREIGN RELATIONS
    • Relations with the United States
    • Relations with China
    • Relations with Other Asia-Pacific Countries
      • South Asia
      • Newly Industrialized Economies
      • Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands
      • The Koreas
      • Vietnam and Cambodia
    • Relations with Russia
    • Relations with Other Countries
  • INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
    • United Nations
    • Other Organizations
    • International Banks
    • Policy after the Cold War
• Chapter 8. National Security
  • MILITARISM BEFORE 1945
    • The Bushido Code
    • The Modernization of the Military, 1868-1931
    • World War II
      • Establishment of Manchukuo
      • Sino-Japanese War
      • War in the Pacific
  • THE SELF-DEFENSE FORCES
    • Early Development
    • Strategic Considerations
    • Place in National Life
    • Missions
    • Organization, Training, and Equipment
      • The Defense Agency
      • The Ground Self-Defense Force
      • The Maritime Self-Defense Force
      • The Air Self-Defense Force
    • Recruitment and Conditions of Service
    • Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
    • Defense Spending
    • The Defense Industry
    • Military Relations with the United States
  • PUBLIC ORDER AND INTERNAL SECURITY
    • The Police System
      • National Organization
      • Local Organization
      • Riot Police
      • Special Police
      • Police-Community Relations
      • Conditions of Service
    • The Criminal Justice System
    • Crime
    • Civil Disturbances
    • Criminal Procedure
    • The Penal System
• Bibliography
• Glossary