MONGOLIA - A Country Study

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• Mongolia
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Table A. Chronology of Important Events
• Country Profile
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • Early Development, ca. 220 B.C.-A.D. 1206
    • Origins of the Mongols
    • Xiongnu and Yuezhi
    • Donghu, Toba, and Ruruan
    • Rise of the Türk
    • Influence of Tang China
    • Kitan and Jurchen
  • The Era of Chinggis Khan, 1206-27
    • Rise of Chinggis Khan
    • Early Wars in China
    • Conquest of Khwarizm and Reconnaissance into Europe
    • The Last Campaign of Chinggis Khan
  • Successors of Chinggis, 1228-59
    • Ogedei and Continuing Conquests
    • Subetei and the European Expedition
    • Reign of Kuyuk
    • Mengke and the War in China
  • Khubilai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty, 1261-1368
    • A New Khan
    • The Yuan Dynasty
    • The Ilkhans
    • The Golden Horde
    • The Mongol Decline
  • Mongolia in Transition, 1368-1911
    • Return to Nomadic Patterns
    • Caught Between the Russians and the Manchus
    • The End of Independence
  • Modern Mongolia, 1911-84
    • Period of Autonomy, 1911-21
    • Revolutionary Transformation, 1921-24
    • Consolidation of the Mongolian People's Republic, 1925- 28
    • Purges of the Opposition, 1928-32
    • Economic Gradualism and National Defense, 1932-45
      • The New Turn Policy, 1932-40
      • National Defense, 1940-45
    • Peacetime Development, 1946-52
    • Socialist Construction under Tsedenbal, 1952-84
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • Geography
    • Landforms
    • Climate
    • Environmental Concerns
  • Population
    • Vital Rates
    • Pro-natal Policies
    • Population Distribution
    • The Urban Population
  • Ethnic and Linguistic Groups
    • Mongols and Kazakhs
    • Chinese, Russians, and Others
  • Society
    • Pastoral Nomadism
      • Pastoralism as a Cultural System
      • Pastoralism in Practice
      • Constraints on Herding
    • Traditional Patterns
    • Planned Modernization
      • Unifying Structures
      • Increasing Social Differentiation
    • Collectivized Farming and Herding
      • Modernized Nomads
      • Work Collectives
    • Kinship, Family, and Marriage
      • Kinship
      • Family Structure
      • Marriage
    • Position of Women
      • Traditional Subordination
      • Education and Employment
    • Social Mobility
      • High Rates of Mobility
      • Channels of Social Mobility
    • Cultural Unity and Mongol Identity
      • Implicit Nationalism
      • Promotion of Traditional Festivals
  • Religion
    • Buddhism
    • The Suppression of Buddhism
    • Uses of Buddhism
    • Religious Survivals
  • Health and Welfare
    • Health-Care Systems
    • Precautions Against AIDS
  • Education
    • The School System
    • Higher Education
    • Study in the Soviet Union
    • Mongolian Science
    • Science, Progress, and Tradition
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • Socialist Framework of the Economy
    • Role of the Government
    • Planning
    • Budget
    • Structure of the Economy
    • Economic Reforms
  • Natural resources
  • Agriculture
    • Crop Production
    • Animal Husbandry
    • Forestry
    • Fishing
  • Industry
    • Light Industry
    • Mining
    • Energy
    • Construction
  • Services
    • Banking and Insurance
    • Domestic Trade and Other Services
    • Retail Trade and Consumption
  • Labor Force
    • Composition
    • Labor Force Policy and Planning
    • Working Conditions and Income
    • Trade Unions
  • Foreign Economic Relations and Comecon
    • Participation in Comecon
    • Foreign Assistance, Investment, and Joint Ventures
    • Exports and Imports
    • Trading Partners
    • Tourism
  • Transportation
    • Roads
    • Railroads
    • Inland Waterways
    • Civil Aviation
  • Telecommunications
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • Government Structure
    • Form of Government
    • Constitutional Framework
    • Major State Organizations
      • Legislative
      • Executive
      • Judicial
    • Local Administration
  • Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
    • Membership
    • Party Congress
    • Central Committee
    • Political Bureau and Secretariat
    • Regional and Local Party Organizations
    • Mass Organizations
      • Youth Organizations
      • Mongolian-Soviet Friendship Society
      • Women's Organizations
      • Labor Organizations
      • Other Mass Organizations
  • The Political Process
    • Democratic Centralism
    • Political Issues
    • Role of the Military
    • General Political Values and Attitudes
  • Foreign Policy
    • Motivation and Goals
    • Ministry of Foreign Affairs
    • Foreign Relations
      • Soviet Union
      • China
      • United States
      • Other Countries
    • International Organizations
  • The Media
    • Information Policy
    • Major Channels
    • Foreign Sources
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • The Armed Forces
    • Historical Traditions
    • Beginning of Modern Military Practices, 1911-21
    • The Mongolian Army, 1921-68
      • Early Development
      • Internal Discord and War with Japan
      • Postwar Developments
    • Organization since 1968
      • Personnel
      • Education and Training
    • Civil-Military Relations
    • Economic Role
    • Threat Perception
  • Criminal Justice and Public Security
    • The Legal System
      • Criminal Code
      • Criminal Court System
    • The Penal System
    • Law Enforcement
      • The Security System
      • Auxiliary Security Forces
      • Incidence of Crime
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary