NICARAGUA - A Country Study

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• NICARAGUA
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• INTRODUCTION
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • PRECOLONIAL PERIOD
  • COLONIAL PERIOD, 1522-1820
    • The Spanish Conquest
    • Colonial Rule
  • NINETEENTH CENTURY
    • National Independence, 1821-57
    • Foreign Intervention, 1850-68
    • Conservative and Liberal Regimes, 1858-1909
  • THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY AND THE SOMOZA YEARS, 1909- 79
    • United States Intervention, 1909-33
    • The Somoza Era, 1936-74
    • The Rise of the FSLN
    • The End of the Anastasio Somoza Debayle Era
    • The Sandinista Revolution
  • THE SANDINISTA YEARS, 1979-90
    • Consolidation of the Revolution, 1979-80
    • Growth of Opposition, 1981-83
    • Institutionalization of the Revolution, 1984
    • The Regional Peace Effort and Retrenchment of the Revolution, 1986-90
    • The UNO Electoral Victory
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • CLIMATE AND TERRAIN
    • Natural Regions
    • Climate
  • DEMOGRAPHY
  • CLASS STRUCTURE
  • SOCIAL CONDITIONS
    • Education
    • Health
  • FAMILY
  • THE LIVES OF WOMEN
  • RELIGION
  • CARIBBEAN SOCIETY
  • THE SANDINISTA REVOLUTION ON THE CARIBBEAN COAST
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
    • Pre-Columbian and Colonial Era
    • The Coffee Boom, 1840s-1940s
    • Diversification and Growth, 1945-77
    • Legacy of the Sandinista Revolution, 1977-79
    • The Sandinista Era, 1979-90
    • The Chamorro Era, 1990-
  • NATIONALIZATION AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR
    • Nationalization under the Sandinistas
    • Privatization and the Private Sector
    • The Issue of Land Ownership
  • FINANCE
    • Banking
    • Currency
    • Inflation
    • Tax Reform
    • Deficits
  • EXTERNAL SECTOR
    • Foreign Trade and the Balance of Payments
    • Foreign Aid
    • External Debt
  • LABOR
    • Composition of the Labor Force
    • Employment Conditions
    • Organized Labor
    • Unemployment and Underemployment
    • Wages
    • Labor Unrest
  • INDUSTRY
  • AGRICULTURE
    • Agricultural Policy
    • Crops
      • Coffee
      • Cotton
      • Bananas
      • Other Crops
    • Livestock
  • NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION
    • Fishing and Forestry
    • Mining
    • Conservation and the Environment
  • SERVICES
    • Transportation
    • Telecommunications
    • Electric Power and Energy
  • PROSPECTS
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • THE CHAMORRO GOVERNMENT TAKES POWER
  • CONSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND
    • The Executive
    • The Legislature
    • The Judiciary
    • Local Government
    • Public Administration
  • POLITICAL DYNAMICS
    • Conflict Between the Executive and Legislative Branches
    • Dispute over Property Rights
  • POLITICAL PARTIES
    • The National Opposition Union (UNO) Coalition
    • Small Non-UNO Parties
    • Sandinista National Liberation Front
    • Interest Groups
      • The Ex-Contras and Recontras
      • Labor Organizations
      • Producers' Groups
      • The Church
      • The Universities
      • The Media
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
    • Relations with the United States
    • Relations with Central American Countries
    • Relations with Other Countries
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • MILITARY HERITAGE
    • National Guard, 1927-79
    • Sandinista Guerrilla Movement, 1961-79
    • Sandinista People's Army 1979-90
    • Sandinista People's Militia
    • Foreign Influences and Assistance
  • THE NICARAGUAN RESISTANCE
  • ARMED FORCES AFTER 1990
    • Army
    • Air Force
    • Navy
  • DEFENSE SPENDING
  • INTERNAL SECURITY
    • Police and Law Enforcement
    • Secret Police and Intelligence
    • Human Rights
    • Prison Conditions
    • Criminal Justice System
• Appendices
  • Appendix A. Tables
  • Appendix B. Central American Common Market
• Bibliography
• Glossary