EL SALVADOR - A Country Study

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• El Salvador
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • SPANISH CONQUEST AND COLONIZATION
  • EL SALVADOR AND THE UNITED PROVINCES OF CENTRAL AMERICA
  • THE COFFEE REPUBLIC
    • The Oligarchy and the Liberal State
    • Economic Crisis and Repression
  • REPRESSION AND REFORM UNDER MILITARY RULE
  • THE CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATS: A CENTRIST ALTERNATIVE?
    • The 1969 War with Honduras
    • Dashed Hopes: The 1972 Elections
  • THE 1970s: THE ROAD TO REVOLT
  • THE REFORMIST COUP OF 1979
  • THE CIVIL CONFLICT BEGINS
  • THE UNITED STATES TAKES A HAND
  • THE "DEMOCRATIC PROCESS"
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • GEOGRAPHY
    • Geology
    • Physical Features
    • Climate
  • POPULATION
    • Demographic Trends
    • Population Growth and Age Distribution
  • THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY
    • The Upper Sector
    • The Lower Sector
    • The Middle Sector
    • Indians
  • RURAL LIFE
    • Standard of Living
    • Health and Welfare
    • Education
  • MIGRATION
  • URBAN LIFE
    • Urbanization
    • Quality of Life
  • SOCIAL DYNAMICS
    • Agrarian Reform
    • Revolutionary Groups
    • The Role of Religion
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
    • Income Distribution
    • Sectors of the Economy
    • The Labor Force
  • ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
    • Monetary and Credit Policies
      • The Banking System
      • The Tax System
      • Fiscal Policy and the Budget Process
    • Allocation of Government Expenditures
      • Military
      • Utilities and Communications
      • Health, Education, and Entitlements
      • Public Enterprises
  • AGRICULTURE
    • The Land Tenure System
    • Major Crops and Commodities
      • Coffee
      • Sugar
      • Cotton
      • Basic Grains
      • Livestock
      • Fisheries
      • Forestry
  • INDUSTRY
    • Manufacturing
    • Other Leading Industries
  • INFRASTRUCTURE
    • Transportation
    • Communications
    • Energy
  • FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS
    • Balance of Payments and the External Sector
    • Trade and Trade Policy
    • Direct Foreign Investment and External Debt
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • CONSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND
    • The Constitutions of El Salvador, 1824-1962
    • The Constitution of 1983
      • The Political Setting
      • The Document
  • GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS
    • The Executive
    • The Legislature
    • The Judiciary
    • The Military
    • Local Government
  • POLITICAL DYNAMICS
    • Electoral Procedures
    • The Electoral Process
    • Political Parties
      • Christian Democratic Party
      • Nationalist Republican Alliance
      • National Conciliation Party
      • Left-Wing Parties
      • Other Parties
    • Interest Groups
      • Private Enterprise
      • Labor and Campesino Groups
      • The Roman Catholic Church
    • Mass Communications
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
    • Relations with the United States
    • The Crisis in Central America
      • The Contadora Process
      • The Arias Plan
    • Relations with Other Nations
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • EVOLUTION OF THE MILITARY'S ROLE IN SOCIETY AND GOVERNMENT
    • The Oligarchy's Private Army, 1824-1931
    • The Military in Power, 1931-84
    • The Military under Democratic Rule, 1984-88
  • THE ARMED FORCES
    • Mission and Organization
    • Defense Budget
    • Military Service
    • Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia
    • Capabilities
      • The Army
      • The Air Force
      • The Navy
    • Civic Action
  • EDUCATION, TRAINING, AND RULES OF CONDUCT
    • Military Schools
    • Officer Corps Dynamics
    • Military Justice
  • FOREIGN MILITARY INFLUENCE AND ASSISTANCE
  • THE SECURITY FORCES
    • Historical Background
    • Mission and Organization
  • FOREIGN SECURITY ASSISTANCE
  • THREATS TO INTERNAL SECURITY
    • Right-Wing Extremism
      • Background
      • Curbing the Death Squads
    • Left-Wing Extremism
      • Background to the Insurgency
      • Insurgent Organization
      • Peace Talks
      • Counterinsurgency Tactics
  • CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
    • The Criminal Justice System
      • Judicial Ineffectiveness
      • Judicial Reform
    • Penal and Procedural Codes
    • The Penal System
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary