SOUTH AFRICA - A Country Study

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• South Africa
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Table A. Selected Acronyms and Contractions
• Table B. Chronology of Important Events
• Country Profile
  • Country
  • Geography
  • Society
  • Economy
  • Transportation and Telecommunications
  • Government and Politics
  • National Security
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • Southern African Societies to ca. 1600
    • The Earliest South Africans
    • The Arrival of Bantu-Speaking Africans
  • Early European Settlement
    • Origins of Settlement
    • Establishing a Slave Economy
    • Emergence of a Settler Society
  • The Rise of African States
    • Background to the Mfecane
    • Shaka and the Rise of the Zulu State
    • Swazi, Sotho, and Ndebele States
  • The Expansion of European Settlement
    • British Colonialism
    • The Great Trek
    • The Voortrekker Republics and British Policies
  • Industrialization and Imperialism, 1870-1910
    • The Mineral Revolution
    • Africans and Industrialization
      • African Enterprise
      • Extending European Control
      • African Initiatives
    • British Imperialism and the Afrikaners
      • Minerals and the Growth of Boer-British Antipathy
      • The South African War
      • Milner's Peace
    • Formation of the Union of South Africa, 1910
  • Segregation, 1910-48
    • Building the Legal Structure of Racial Discrimination
    • Formation of the African National Congress, 1912
    • World War I and Afrikaner Nationalism
    • Conflict in the 1920s
    • The Great Depression and the 1930s
    • The Impact of World War II
    • The 1948 Election
  • Apartheid, 1948-76
    • The Legislative Implementation of Apartheid
      • Separating Black from White
      • Separate and Unequal
      • Security Legislation
      • White Politics
    • Black Resistance in the 1950s
      • The Congress Youth League and the Programme of Action
      • The Congress of the People and the Freedom Charter
      • The Pan-Africanist Congress and Sharpeville
    • Consolidating Apartheid in the 1960s
      • The ANC and the PAC Turn to Violence
      • Consolidating Apartheid
    • The Rise of Black Consciousness
      • Steve Biko and the South African Students' Organisation
      • Soweto, 1976
  • Government in Crisis, 1978-89
    • The Contradictions of Apartheid
    • Divisions in the White Community
    • Limited Reforms
  • Dismantling Apartheid, 1990-94
    • The Quest for Peace
    • "Irreversible Progress" Toward Democracy
    • Preparing for Elections
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • Physical Setting
    • Geographic Regions
    • Lakes and Rivers
    • Climate and Rainfall
    • Environmental Trends
  • Population
    • Size and Growth
    • Distribution
  • Ethnic Groups and Language
    • Language Groups
    • Nguni
      • Zulu
      • Swazi
      • Xhosa
      • Ndebele
    • Sotho
      • Northern Sotho
      • Southern Sotho
      • Tswana
    • Tsonga and Venda
      • Tsonga
      • Venda
    • Afrikaans Speakers
      • Afrikaners
      • "Coloureds"
    • English Speakers
      • "Europeans"
      • Asians
    • Khoisan
  • Religion
    • Historical Background
      • African Religions
      • The Arrival of Christianity
    • Religion and Apartheid
      • Dutch Reformed Churches
      • Other Religious Organizations
    • Zion Christian Church
    • Islam
  • Education
    • Early Development
    • Education under Apartheid
      • The Bantu Education Act
      • Soweto and Its Aftermath
    • The School System in the 1990s
    • Higher Education
  • Health and Welfare
    • Incidence of Disease
    • Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
    • Health Care Services
    • Social Welfare
      • Disabilities and the Aged
      • Refugees
      • Narcotics
  • Women in Society
    • Women and Apartheid
    • Women in the 1990s
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • Historical Development
  • Postapartheid Reconstruction
  • Structure of the Economy
    • Gross Domestic Product
    • External Debt
    • Inflation
    • Economic Distortions and Apartheid
  • Role of the Government
    • Legal Restrictions
    • Parastatals
    • Budgets
  • Foreign Trade and Investment
    • Foreign Trade
    • Investment
    • Balance of Payments
  • Employment and Labor
    • Labor Force
    • Labor and Politics
    • Education and Employment
  • Extractive Industries
    • Gold
    • Diamonds and Platinum
    • Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals
    • Energy Minerals and Petroleum
  • Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing
    • Crops
    • Livestock
    • Forestry
    • Fishing
  • Manufacturing
    • Electric Power
    • Heavy Industry
    • Chemicals Industry
    • Consumer Goods
  • Transportation and Telecommunications
    • Railroads
    • Ports and Shipping
    • Road System and Transport
    • Civil Aviation
    • Pipelines
    • Telecommunications and Postal Service
  • Environmental Protection and Tourism
    • Environmental Protection
    • Tourism
  • Banking and Currency
    • Banking
    • Currency
  • Growth Trends and Potential
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • System of Government
    • Historical Background
    • Constitutional Change
    • The Interim Constitution
    • Executive and Legislative Authority
      • The President
      • The Cabinet
      • Parliament
      • Volkstaat Council
    • Provincial and Local Government
    • Drafting a Final Constitution
  • The Legal System
    • The Apartheid-Era Legal System
    • The New Legal System
  • Political Participation
    • The 1994 Elections
    • Political Parties
      • African National Congress
      • South African Communist Party
      • National Party
      • Inkatha Freedom Party
      • Freedom Front
      • Other Political Parties
    • Interest Groups
      • Afrikaner Broederbond
      • United Democratic Front
      • Mass Democratic Movement
      • Trade Unions
    • Political Elites
  • Communications Media
    • Radio and Television
    • Newspapers, Magazines, and Journals
  • Foreign Relations
    • Relations with African States
      • Botswana
      • Lesotho
      • Swaziland
      • Zimbabwe
      • Namibia
      • Mozambique
      • Zambia
      • Angola
      • Kenya
      • Nigeria
    • Relations with Non-African States
      • United States
      • European Union
      • Russian Federation
      • Iran
      • Israel
      • Relations with Other Countries
  • International Organizations
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • Historical Background
    • Precolonial Warfare
    • Early Development of the South African Military
      • Ground Forces
      • Air and Naval Forces
    • Rise of the Security Establishment
      • National Security Management System
      • Specialized Forces
      • Homeland Militaries
    • Women in the Military
  • Global and Regional Issues
    • Arms Trade and the Defense Industry
      • Growth of the Defense Industry
      • Defying International Embargoes
    • Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Weapons
    • Regional Issues
  • Constitutional and Legal Framework
  • Military Organization
    • Army
      • Integrating Armies in the 1990s
      • The New Face of the Army
    • Air Force
    • Navy
    • Medical Service
    • Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
    • Military Intelligence and Intelligence Coordination
  • Defense Budget
  • Internal Security
    • Police
      • Early Development
      • The Police in the 1990s
    • Crime and Violence
      • Community Response
      • Government Response
    • Prison System
    • Penal Code
  • Human Rights and National Reconciliation
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary