ZAIRE - A Country Study

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• ZAIRE
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Table A. Chronology of Important Events
• Table B. City Name Changes, 1966-72
• Country Profile
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• INTRODUCTION
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • HUMAN ORIGINS
  • EARLY HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
    • State Systems Versus Segmentary Societies
    • Rulers and Ruled
    • External Pressures
  • THE COLONIAL STATE
    • The Leopoldian Legacy
    • Belgian Paternalism: Underlying Postulates
    • The Apparatus of Control
    • Postwar Reforms
  • NATIONALIST AWAKENINGS
    • The Rise of Militant Ethnicity: Abako
    • The Challenge of Territorial Nationalism: Lumumba and the MNC
    • Settler Politics in Katanga
  • THE CRISIS OF DECOLONIZATION
    • The Road to Independence
    • The Mutiny of the Force Publique
    • The Center No Longer Holds
    • The Secession of Katanga
    • The UN Intervention
  • THE FIRST REPUBLIC, 1960-65
    • The Adoula Government, August 1961-July 1964
    • Rural Insurgencies: The "Second Independence"
    • Mobutu's Second Coming
  • THE SECOND REPUBLIC, 1965-90: THE REBIRTH OF BULA MATARI
    • Mobutu, Self-Proclaimed Father of the Nation
    • Toward Political Reconstruction
    • The Quest for Legitimacy
    • The Expansion of State Authority
    • Zairianization, Radicalization, and Retrocession
    • External Threats to Regime Stability
    • The Durability of the Patrimonial State
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT
    • Rivers and Lakes
    • Geographic Regions
    • Climate
    • Environmental Trends
  • POPULATION
    • Size and Growth
    • Population Distribution
    • Urbanization: Causes and Characteristics
  • LANGUAGES
    • Officially Recognized Languages
    • Other Indigenous Languages
  • ETHNIC GROUPS
    • Non-Bantu-Speakers of the Northern Savannas and Forest Fringe
    • Bantu-Speakers of the Congo River Basin and Its Environs
    • Bantu-Speakers of the Eastern Forest and Plain
    • Bantu-Speakers of the Eastern Highlands
    • Peoples of the Savanna: Southeastern Zaire
    • Peoples of the Savanna: Lunda Region
    • Peoples of the Southern Uplands: Kasai-Shaba
    • Peoples of the Lower Kasai and Its Tributaries
    • Peoples Between the Kwango and the Kasai
    • The Kongo Peoples
    • The Significance of Ethnic Identification
  • INDIGENOUS SOCIAL SYSTEMS
  • ZAIRIAN SOCIAL CLASSES
    • The External Estate
    • The Politico-Commercial Class
    • The New Commercial Class
    • Other High-Status Groups
    • The Subbourgeoisie
    • The Working Class
    • The Informal Sector
    • Peasants
  • POLARIZATION AND PROSPECTS FOR CONFLICT
  • STRATEGIES OF SURVIVAL
    • Coping and Hustling
    • Theft and Bribery
    • Patron-Client Relations
    • Resistance
    • Flight
  • THE STATUS OF WOMEN
  • RELIGION
    • The Roman Catholic Church
    • Protestant Churches
    • The Kimbanguist Church
    • Other African Christian Movements
      • Jamaa
      • Kitawala
    • Traditional African Religions
  • EDUCATION
    • Policy Changes
    • Institutional Problems
  • HEALTH AND MEDICAL SERVICES
    • Incidence of Disease
    • Health Care System
    • Sanitation and Nutrition
    • Family Planning
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW OF THE ECONOMY
    • Early Economic Activity
    • From Colonial Times to Independence
    • Postindependence
    • Zairianization
    • Economic Decline
    • The 1983 Reforms
    • The 1987 Plan
    • The 1989 Reform
  • ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
    • Parastatals
    • Patrimonial Politics and Corruption
    • Investment Projects
  • STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE ECONOMY
    • Gross Domestic Product
    • The Informal Economy
    • Currency
    • Inflation
    • Budget
    • Debt
    • Banking
    • Labor
  • AGRICULTURE
    • National Land Law System
    • Crops
    • Forestry
    • Fishing and Livestock
  • MINING
    • Copper and Zinc
    • Cobalt
    • Manganese
    • Tin and Related Minerals
    • Gold
    • Diamonds
  • INDUSTRY
  • ENERGY
    • Petroleum and Other Fuels
    • Electricity
  • TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  • FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS
    • Trade and Balance of Payments
    • Foreign Aid
    • Foreign Investment
  • PROSPECTS FOR GROWTH
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • POSTINDEPENDENCE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
    • Establishment of a Personalistic Regime
    • The Party-State as a System of Rule
  • POLITICAL REFORM IN THE 1990s
    • Proclamation of the Third Republic
    • Subsequent Political Developments, 1990-93
  • STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT
    • The Presidency
    • The National Executive Council
    • The Legislature
    • The Judiciary and the Courts
    • Local Government
  • POLITICAL DYNAMICS
    • Managing the Military
    • Opposition to the Regime prior to 1990
      • Armed Opposition
      • Fragmented Exile Movements
      • The UDPS
    • Opposition since 1990
    • Interest Groups
      • Organized Labor
      • Religious Groups
      • Students
      • Ethnic Groups
      • Other Interest Groups
    • The Media
  • FOREIGN POLICY
    • Relations with the West
      • Relations with Belgium
      • Relations with France
      • Relations with the United States
    • Relations with the Communist World
    • Regional Relations
      • Involvement in the Angolan Civil War
      • Relations with Angola since the War
      • Relations with Other Neighbors
      • Relations with North Africa
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • NATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT
  • EVOLUTION OF THE ARMED FORCES
    • The Colonial Period
    • The Congolese National Army
    • The Military under Mobutu
    • Creation of the Zairian Armed Forces
    • Involvement in Angola
    • Shaba I
    • Shaba II
  • PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD THE MILITARY
  • ARMED FORCES MISSIONS AND ORGANIZATION
    • Army
    • Navy
    • Air Force
    • National Gendarmerie
  • ARMED FORCES MANPOWER AND TRAINING
    • Recruitment and Retention
    • Conditions of Service
    • Military Schools
    • Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
  • FOREIGN MILITARY RELATIONS
    • Foreign Influences
    • Zaire as a Military Aid Donor
  • PUBLIC ORDER AND INTERNAL SECURITY
  • THE CIVIL SECURITY APPARATUS
    • Development of a National Police Force
      • National Gendarmerie
      • The Civil Guard
    • Local Police
    • The Intelligence Apparatus and Security Forces
    • The Party Security Apparatus
    • Popular Attitudes Toward the Civil Security Apparatus
  • THE LEGAL AND PENAL SYSTEMS
    • Criminal Law and the Penal Code
    • The Judicial System
    • The Prison System
  • CIVIL AND HUMAN RIGHTS
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary