LEBANON - A Country Study

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• LEBANON
• Foreward
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• PREFACE
• COUNTRY PROFILE
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• INTRODUCTION
• CHAPTER 1. Historical Setting
  • ANCIENT TIMES
    • The Phoenicians
    • Assyrian Rule
    • Babylonian Rule and the Persian Empire
    • Rule of Alexander the Great
    • The Seleucid Dynasty
  • THE ARAB PERIOD
    • The Arab Conquest, 634-36
    • The Umayyads, 660-750
    • The Abbasids, 750-1258
    • Impact of Arab Rule
    • The Crusades, 1095-1291
    • The Mamluks, 1282-1516
  • OTTOMAN RULE, 1516-1916
    • The Maans, 1120-1697
    • The Shihabs, 1697-1842
    • Religious Conflicts
  • WORLD WAR I AND THE FRENCH MANDATE, 1914-41
    • World War I
    • The Mandate Period
    • World War II and Independence, 1939-41
  • INDEPENDENT LEBANON, 1943-76
    • The Khuri Era, 1943-52
    • The Shamun Era, 1952-58
    • The Rise of Shihabism, 1958-64
    • The Hilu Era, 1964-70
    • The Franjiyah Era, 1970-76
    • The Civil War, 1975-76
    • The Sarkis Administration, 1976-82
• CHAPTER 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • GEOGRAPHY
    • Land
    • Climate
    • Rivers and Lakes
  • POPULATION
    • Migration
    • The War and Displacement in Beirut
    • The Palestinian Element
  • SECTARIANISM
    • Lebanese Confessional "Societies"
    • Sectarian and Clan Consciousness
  • RELIGION
    • Tenets of Islam
    • Muslim Sects
      • Sunni
      • Twelver or Imami Shias
      • Ismailis
      • Alawis
      • Druzes
    • Christian Sects
      • Maronites
      • Greek Catholics
      • Roman Catholics
      • Greek Orthodox
      • Jacobites
      • Armenian Orthodox or Gregorian
      • Assyrian or Nestorian Church
      • Protestants
    • Jews
    • Others
  • LANGUAGES
    • Arabic
    • Other Languages
  • STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY
    • The Family
    • Sex Roles
    • Marriage
    • Child-Rearing Practices
    • Impact of War on the Family
  • LIVING CONDITIONS
    • Prewar Conditions
    • Wartime Conditions
  • EDUCATION
    • Primary Education
    • Intermediate Education
    • Secondary Education
    • Technical and Vocational Education
    • Higher Education
  • HEALTH
• CHAPTER 3. THE ECONOMY
  • RECENT ECONOMIC HISTORY
    • Civil War and Partial Recovery, 1974-82
    • Invasion and Trauma, 1982-87
  • THE OFFICIAL ECONOMY IN THE MID-1980s
    • Balance of Payments
    • Government Revenues
    • External Debt and Foreign Exchange
    • Inflation
    • The Budget
  • BANKING AND FINANCE
    • Domestic Banking
    • The Central Bank
    • International Banking
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
    • Roads
    • Railroads
    • Shipping
    • Aviation
    • Telecommunications
  • AGRICULTURE
    • Land and Irrigation
    • Crop Production
  • INDUSTRY
    • The State of Industry
    • Cement
    • Electric Power and Petroleum Refining
  • AID AND RECONSTRUCTION
    • Reconstruction and Hope, 1976-82
    • Arab Reconstruction Aid
    • Post-Israeli Invasion Reconstruction, 1982-84
    • Reconstruction and Chaos, 1984-87
• CHAPTER 4. Government and Politics
  • THE BASIS OF GOVERNMENT
    • The Constitution
    • The National Pact
  • THE PRACTICE OF GOVERNMENT
    • Zuama Clientelism
    • The Presidency
    • The Prime Minister and the Cabinet
    • The Legislature
    • The Judiciary
    • The Bureaucracy
  • POLITICAL PARTIES AND GROUPINGS
    • Sectarian Groups
      • Phalange Party
      • National Liberal Party
      • Lebanese Forces
      • Amal
      • Hizballah
      • Islamic Amal
      • Islamic Grouping
      • Union of Muslim Ulama
      • Independent Nasserite Movement
      • Progressive Socialist Party
    • Minority Parties
      • Armenian Parties
      • Kurdish Parties
    • Multisectarian Parties
      • Lebanese Communist Party
      • Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party
      • Organization of Communist Action
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
    • Syria
    • Israel
    • Palestinians
    • Iran
    • United States
    • Soviet Union
• CHAPTER 5. National Security
  • THE CREATION OF THE ARMY
  • THE LEBANESE POLITICAL-MILITARY SITUATION: INDEPENDENCE TO 1975
    • The 1948 Arab-Israeli War
    • The Rosewater Revolution
    • The 1958 Civil War
    • The Cairo Agreement and the Prelude to the 1975 Civil War
  • THE 1975 CIVIL WAR
    • The Military Cabinet
    • The Early Stages of Combat
    • Syrian Intervention
    • The Riyadh Conference and the Arab Deterrent Force
    • The Red Line Arrangement
  • THE INTERWAR YEARS
    • Operation Litani
    • Operations of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
    • The Ascendancy of Bashir Jumayyil
    • The Missile Crisis
    • The Two-Week War
  • THE 1982 ISRAELI INVASION AND ITS AFTERMATH
    • Operation Peace for Galilee
    • The Siege of Beirut
    • The Multinational Force
    • The Rise of the Shias
    • The May 17 Agreement
    • The Israeli Defense Forces Withdrawal and the Mountain War
    • The Multinational Force Withdrawal
    • The Bikfayya Accord
    • Events in Southern Lebanon
    • Chaos in Beirut and Syrian Peacemaking Efforts
      • Internecine Battles in the Lebanese Forces
      • The War of the Camps
      • The Tripartite Accord
      • Pax Syriana
  • THE LEBANESE ARMED FORCES IN THE 1980s
    • Organization and Command Structure
      • The New Defense Law
      • The Supreme Defense Council
      • The Military Council
      • Military Intelligence
      • The Commander in Chief
    • The Army
      • The Fourth Brigade
      • The Fifth Brigade
      • The Sixth Brigade
      • The Seventh Brigade
      • The Eighth Brigade
      • The Ninth Brigade
      • The Tenth Brigade
      • The Eleventh Brigade
      • The Twelfth Brigade
    • The Air Force and Navy
  • INTERNAL SECURITY AND TERRORISM
    • Suicide Bombings
    • The Hostage Crisis
• Appendices
  • Appendix A. Tables
  • Appendix B. The Opposing Forces in the Lebanese Civil War
• Bibliography
• Glossary