SYRIA - A Country Study

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• Syria
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • ANCIENT SYRIA
  • MUSLIM EMPIRES
    • Umayyad Caliphate
    • Succeeding Caliphates and Kingdoms
    • Ottoman Empire
  • WORLD WAR I AND ARAB NATIONALISM
  • THE FRENCH MANDATE
  • WORLD WAR II AND INDEPENDENCE
  • AFTER INDEPENDENCE
    • Shishakli Dictatorship
    • Radical Political Influence
    • United Arab Republic
    • Coups and Countercoups, 1961-70
    • Neo-Baath Dominance, 1963-66
    • The Baath Redirections of 1966 and 1970
  • THE ASSAD ERA
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • GEOGRAPHY AND POPULATION
    • Land, Water, and Climate
    • Population
    • Density, Distribution, and Settlement
    • Vital Statistics
  • THE PEOPLES
    • Arabs
    • Kurds
    • Armenians
    • Others
  • STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY
    • Towns
    • Villages
    • Tribes
  • THE INDIVIDUAL, THE FAMILY, AND THE SEXES
  • RELIGIOUS LIFE
    • Islam
      • Sunnis
      • Shia
      • Ismailis
    • Alawis
    • Druzes
    • Christianity
    • OTHER MINORITIES
      • Jews
      • Yazidis
  • EDUCATION
  • HEALTH
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
  • LABOR FORCE
  • ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
    • Budget
    • Revenues
    • Expenditures
    • Development Planning
  • AGRICULTURE
    • Water Resources
    • Land Use
    • Land Reform
    • Role of Government in Agriculture
    • Cropping and Production
    • Animal Products
    • Agricultural Potential
  • INDUSTRY
    • Energy and Natural Resources
    • Electric Power
    • Industrial Development Policy
  • FOREIGN TRADE
    • Imports
    • Exports
  • BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
  • BANKING AND MONETARY POLICY
  • TRANSPORTATION, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, AND CONSTRUCTION
  • PERIOD OF ECONOMIC RETRENCHMENT, 1986-90
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
  • GOVERNMENT
    • The President and the Cabinet
    • The People's Council
    • The Judiciary
    • Local Administration
  • POLITICAL DYNAMICS
    • Background
    • The Baath Party Apparatus
    • The Syrian Communist Party
    • The Power Elite
    • Post-1982 Political Developments
  • POLITICAL ORIENTATIONS
    • Attitudes Toward Politics, Political Parties, and Government
    • Concepts of Nationalism, Unity, and the Arab Nation
    • Attitudes Toward Foreign Ideologies and Systems
  • FOREIGN POLICY
    • Regional Foreign Relations
      • Israel
      • Lebanon
      • Jordan
      • The Palestinians
      • Iran and Iraq
    • Syrian-United States Relations
    • Syrian-Soviet Relations
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • NATIONAL SECURITY DOCTRINE AND CONCERNS
  • SYRIA AND THE MIDDLE EAST CONFLICT
    • Historical Background
    • Development of the Syrian Military
    • Syrian-Israeli Hostility
    • Syria and the Lebanese Crisis, 1975-87
    • Syrian-Iraqi Hostility
    • Syrian-Palestinian Tensions
    • Syrian-Jordanian Tensions
    • Syrian-Turkish Tensions
  • ANTI-REGIME OPPOSITION MOVEMENTS
    • Ideologically Based Opposition Movements
    • Ethnic and Religious Opposition Movements
  • THE REGULAR ARMED FORCES
    • Size, Equipment, Command Structure and Organization
      • Army
      • Navy
      • Air Force
    • Manpower, Recruitment, and Conscription
    • Military Training
    • Conditions of Service, Morale, and Military Justice
    • Uniforms and Rank Insignia
    • Foreign Influences in the Development of the Armed Forces
    • Special and Irregular Armed Forces
      • Defense Companies (Saraya ad Difa)
      • Republican Guard
      • As Saiqa
  • SPONSORSHIP OF TERRORISM
  • THE ARMED FORCES AND SOCIETY
  • CIVIL POLICE AND INTERNAL SECURITY APPARATUS
  • CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary